The mishonga huru munyika uye basa ravo

Chemistry - sayenzi rinokosha rinoshandiswa munyika yanhasi, tine kare mechanically. Munhu haafungi nezvokuti inoshandisa hwezuva nezuva muupenyu Zvakawanikwa nemasayendisiti panguva. Cooking pedyo zvatinosiita uye kujairika Recipes, kushanda mubindu - kupfeka chirimwa, pfapfaidzo, kudzivirirwa zvipukanana, kushandiswa kwezvinodhaka kubva pamba zvi-, shandisa chaunofarira zvizoro - zvose zvinhu izvi zvinotipa kemisitiri.

Nemhaka kwemakore akawanda basa mishonga makuru vakaita nyika yedu iri saka - nyore uye dzakanaka. Dzidza zvakawanda pamusoro vamwe Zvakawanikwa uye mazita kwesayenzi anogona kuwanikwa munyaya.

Nezvekugadzirwa kemesitiri sechinhu sainzi

Sezvo yakazvimirira sayenzi kemisitiri akatanga kukudziridza chete yechipiri yezana XVIII remakore. Mukuru uyo akapa nyika dzakawanda dzinonakidza uye anobatsira matongo mumunda zvine maatomu akafanana tsvakurudzo kemisiti, akaita mupiro wakakura kuti paumbwe nyika yaro chipo chimiro.

Nemhaka basa masayendisiti, nhasi tinogona kuva mikana yakawanda muupenyu. Strict kurayirirwa, kemisitiri yakava chete kuburikidza basa rakaoma uye kupesana zvakajeka dzinokosha pfungwa mune zvesayenzi, waimira kwenguva refu mishonga makuru.

Kuwanikwa itsva zvine maatomu akafanana

Pakutanga mashoko XIX remakore kuSweden, aigara uye aishanda musayendisiti Jens Jakob Berzelius. Ake upenyu, iye zvachose vakazvipira kuna nemakemikari tsvakurudzo. Vakagamuchira musoro purofesa wekemisitiri panguva lääkäri-Nzira Institute, akanga akanyorwa sezvo chikamu St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences sechinhu honorary wokumwe mumiririri. Akanga purezidhendi Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Jens Jakob Berzelius ndiye musayendisiti wokutanga uyo zvinganaka kushandisa mazita zvine maatomu akafanana zviri tsamba. Pfungwa yake yave zvinobudirira kukwidzwa uye kushandiswa nanhasi.

Kuwanikwa itsva zvine maatomu akafanana - cerium, selenium uye thorium - makodzero Berzelius. Pfungwa kuziva maatomu pavazhinjisa zvinhu musayendisiti uyewo ndohwavo. Iye akagadzira midziyo itsva, ongororo nzira, ruzivo rwokugadzira Labs, akaongorora maumbirwo yacho.

Mupiro chikuru Berzelius musayenzi yemazuva ndiko kutsanangura zvine musoro richibatanidza zhinji zvemakemikari pfungwa uye chokwadi sokuti chokuita nepedyo, uyewo kusikwa pfungwa itsva uye sovershenstovanie namakemikari zviratidzo.

Uise mukati shanduka okukura kwevanhu

Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky, musayendisiti mukuru Soviet uyo akatsaurira upenyu hwake kuna kukura imwe sainzi itsva - geochemistry. Somunhu zvakasikwa, musayendisiti, muongorori, nyanzvi yezvinhu zvipenyu nokurovedza, Vladimir akasika maviri itsva yesayenzi mirayiridzo - biogeochemistry uye geochemistry.

Meaning kwemaatomu panyika nechepasi, uye zvinhu zvose zvakasikwa akava hwaro kutsvakurudza sayenzi izvi, vakanga ndangoona sezvo anokosha uye anodiwa. Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky vakaongorora negadziriro yose zvine maatomu akafanana, uye akazvimedura mumapoka kuti ndiitewo Zvinoumba goko paNyika.

Zvechokwadi dana basa Vernadsky mune imwe munda haagoni kuva: akanga muupenyu, uye zvipenyu uye kemisiti, uye munyori wenhoroondo uye nyanzvi sayenzi yepanyama. Place ari shanduka okukura kwevanhu rakazivikanwa nemasayendisiti sezvo kufurira nyika yakatipoteredza, uye haina chokuita nyore nekuonekwa uye pasi mitemo yezvinhu zvakasikwa, sezvo vasati zvaionekwa munyika sayenzi.

Anodzidza mafuta uye marasha kuvamba chifukidzo

USSR Academy of Sciences Zelinskiy Nikolay Dmitrievich aiva muvambi petrochemistry uye makemikari catalysis, akasika kuchikoro nesayenzi.

Dzidza mavambo mafuta Zvakawanikwa mumunda kwetunhu Mahydrocarbon, siyana kubereka Alpha-amino acids - chiri chakanakira Nikolai Dmitrievich.

Muna 1915, musayendisiti akaita kabhoni chifukidzo. Panguva gasi aizotambudzazve Britain vokuGermany Munyika War First pamusoro Battlefields pavaifa yakawanda nemasoja: 12 000 vanhu wakasara chete 2000. Zelinskiy Nikolay Dmitrievich, pamwechete musayendisiti VS Sadikov muitiro marasha calcination akairadzika kuumbwa rakasikwa gasi chifukidzo. Mamiriyoni nemasoja eRussia akaponesa upenyu kushandiswa michina iyi.

Zelinsky akanga paakavapa matatu USSR State Prize uye dzimwe mibayiro, musoro Hero pakati Socialist Labor uye anoremekedzwa mushandi sayenzi, akagadzwa kuva honorary mumiririri Moscow Society zvakasikwa.

Kukura makemikari indasitiri

Markovnikov Vladimir Vasilievich - ane Russian musayendisiti kunoshamisa. Akanga paku kukura makemikari maindasitiri kuRussia, akazarura naphthenes, zvakadzama uye hwakadzama kudzidza Caucasian mafuta.

It yakarongwa Russia Russian Chemical Society muna 1868, nemhaka musayendisiti ichi. Muupenyu hwake iye kubudirira zvedzidzo madhigirii, akashanda somutariri purofesa wekemisitiri. Akatsigira zvichemo akawanda kuti dzinoitwa kukura sayenzi guru mupiro. Nyaya zvichemo zvidzidzo vaiva isomerism mafuta acids, uyewo yakawiriranwa pesvedzero kwemaatomu ari makemikari.

Munguva yehondo, Markovnikov Vladimir Vasilevich akatumwa kushumira muchipatara rechiuto. Ikoko akatungamirira disinfection basa, uye iye akatambura fivha chirwere. Akatambudzwa chirwere zvakaoma, asi haana kusiya basa ravo. Pashure pemakore 25 ebasa Markovnikov akasiyiwa mubasa kwemamwe makore 5, nokuda rakaisvonaka zivo bhizimisi uye professionalism.

Pana Moscow University, Vladimir zvokuita panguva rorusununguko Physics uye Mathematics uye muchimhanya dhipatimendi akapa Professor Zelinskii nokuti mamiriro hutano musayendisiti akanga asisiri zvakanakisisa. Pakati zvikuru zvakawanwa musayendisiti - kuwana suberona, kuerera mutemo somugumisiro cleavage siyana uye kuzvitsinhanisa (mitemo Morkovnikova), kuwanikwa boka itsva Organic yeimwe - naphthenes.

Zvakaitwa pakati magasi uye kemisitiri esimende

The inozvikudza musayendisiti French Henri Lui Le Chatelier rava piyona mumunda kemisitiri nokuda kudzidza dzinotsanagura combustion, uyewo kudzidza kemisitiri esimende.

The pezvakaitwa kuitika wanda pakati magasi, akavawo chinhu kutsvakurudza musayendisiti.

Nepfungwa huru, inova tsvuku mutsetse kwakaitika zvose mabasa Henri Lui Le Chatelier - ichi pedyo kubatana kwakaita zvinowanikwa nesayenzi nezvinetso vanokoshesa ari indasitiri. bhuku rake "Science uye Industry" yakakurumbira zvino madenderedzwa zvesayenzi.

The musayendisiti yave akatsaurira nguva yakawanda kutsvakurudza zvinoitwa kuitika pamwe firedamp. pezvakaitwa zvose zvinogona kuitika chete gasi - kuvesa, combustion, detonation - vakanga vadzidza zvakadzama kubudikidza Anri Lui uye zvakafanana metallurgia uye nzira itsva dzave dzichitaurwa chafariz ouinjiniya Masvomhu. The musayendisiti akunda kuzivikanwa uye mukurumbira kwete chete muFrance, asi pose.

quantum kemesitiri

Muvambi dzidziso orbitals vakava John Lennard-Jones. musayendisiti ichi British pakutanga hypothesized kuti mamorekuru maerekitironi vari vakaparadzana orbitals, izvo nhengo Morekuru pacharo, pane munhu maatomu.

Kukura quantum namakemikari nzira - pahwaro hwechibayiro Lennard-Johns. Kokutanga zvakanga Dzhon Edvard Lennard Dzhons vakatanga kushandisa kubatana muna machati pakati Erekitironi kwevari mamorekuru uye unoenderana kwevari maatomu yepakutanga. Pemvura adsorbent uye adsorbate atomu kuva nyaya kutsvakurudza musayendisiti. Akaisa mberi pfungwa kuti pangangova pakati ne makemikari ukama, uye akatsaurira mabasa mazhinji kuti uchapupu pfungwa yake. Panguva basa rake akagadzwa nhengo Royal Society of London.

The masayendisiti

Kazhinji, kuti kemisitiri ndiye sayenzi kudzidza kutendeuka siyana zvinhu kushandura goko dzavo uye migumisiro vakawana mushure kuita. The mishonga huru munyika vakatsaurira upenyu hwavo kuna chirango ichi.

Chemistry kufarira, ukabata vavo unexplored Manila, akanaka akabatana nemasango zvinowanikwa zvinosanganisira mugumisiro, izvo zvinoshamisa, kana musiyano Sezvaitarisirwa, vatsvakurudzi akauya. Studies kwemaatomu, mamorekuru, zvinhu zvine maatomu akafanana, avo akafanana, avo maererano zvokusarudza uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvimwe kuedza akatungamirira masayendisiti chinokosha zvakawanikwa, nemhaka iyo zvatinowana nhasi.