Nitrifying mabhakitiriya. Meaning of nitrifying kwemabhakitiriya

By mhando zvokudya zvose anozivikanwa zvipenyu zviri rakakamurwa pemarudzi makuru maviri: kwomurume uye autotrophs. A pachena chinoratidza yokupedzisira kukwanisa kwavo nokuzviuraya-kuvaka matsva zvinhu carbon dioxide inobvisa nezvimwe inorganic zvinhu.

Energy mabhuku kuti atsigire anokosha, unokamuranisa yavo fotoaftotrofy (panobva - chiedza) uye chemoautotrophs (panobva - chicherwa zvinhu). Uye zvichienderana zita substrate, izvo oxidized hemoavtortofy, vari akakamurwa sehydrogen nitrifying utachiona, uyewo sarufa nesimbi utachiona.

Nyaya ino omerera rakajairika pakati pavo boka - nitrofitsiruyuschim utachiona.

History yakawanikwa

Kare pezana remakore rechi19 nemasayendisiti German zvakava kuti zvipenyu nitrification rikurumidze. Empirically nayo kwakaratidza kuti kana kuwedzera tsvina mvura chloroform akamira amoniya oxidation. Asi kutsanangura nei izvi zvakadaro, vakasagona.

Izvi zvakaitwa makore mashomanana musayendisiti akazotevera Russian Vinogradskaya. Iye akasarudzwa mapoka maviri mabhakitiriya, iyo zvishoma akatora mugove nedanho nitrification. Saka, mumwe boka oxidizing amoniya kupa iine acid nitrous, uye chete boka utachiona anokonzera rayo kushanduka kupinda nitric yechipiri. Vose vaibatanidzwa iyi, nitrifying utachiona vari giremu negative.

Zviri oxidation kwacho

Pfungwa paumbwe nitrite nokuda Ammonium oxidation ane maitikiro wandei, panguva iyo senitrogen yeimwe vari akaumbwa kunosiyana inosiyana oxidation boka NH.

Chokutanga chigadzirwa chiri Ammonium oxidation kuti hydroxylamine. Ungangove zviri vanowanika nokuda kwebasa rinofanira samolecular okisijeni iri boka NH _4, kunyange zvazvo izvi haisi zvakajeka nekusimba uye chinoramba nharo.

Zvadaro, hydroxylamine iri vatendeukira nitrite. Kwasara muitiro rinoitwa Via inotungamirwa NOH (giponitrita) pamwe nokubudiswa nitrous oxide. Muchiitiko chino, masayendisiti anodavira kuti kugadzirwa kwezvinhu nitrous oxide chete byproduct pamusoro kwetunhu nokuda kuzoita nitrite.

Kunze zvibereko zvine maatomu akafanana, yakawanda simba asunungurwa panguva denitrofikatsii. Saizvozvowo kune zviri kuitika heterotrophic Kurovedza Utachiona, mune ichi kana kwetunhu ATP kunobatanidzwa pamwechete oxidation-rutapudzo pezvakaitwa, somugumisiro iyo maerekitironi zvaive kuti oxygen.

Mune oxidation pamusoro nitrite, hombe basa iri kuridzwa ne neizvi chokufambisa pamusoro maerekitironi. usanganidzo yayo kutenderera maerekitironi kunoitika zvakananga cytochromes (P-mhando A-mhando uye / kana), uye izvi zvinoda kumbonyanya guru simba mari. Somugumisiro, chemoautotrophic nitrifying utachiona zvakazara vakanochengeta zvakakodzera kupiwa simba, iyo inoshandiswa nokuda nedanho kuvaka uye kuitwa kuti carbon dioxide.

Mhando nitrifying kwemabhakitiriya

In wokutanga chokutambudzika nitrification kutora mhando ina nitrobaktery chikamu:

• nitrosomonas;
• nitrotsistis;
• nitrosolyubus;
• nitrosospira.

Zviya, unogona kuona nitrifying bacteria (Photo nemaikorosikopu) pamusoro kuitwa mufananidzo.

By kwacho pakati pavo zvakaoma, uye kazhinji kunyange zvisingaiti vasarudze mumwe zvirimwa, saka avo yokudzokorora zvikurukuru wakakwana. All zvigare izvi vane kukura 2-2.5 microns, uye zvinganaka denderedzwa kana kumativi chimiro (kunze nitrospiry vane chimiro nezvimiti). Ivo vanokwanisa binary fission uye mirayiridzo nemhaka flagella.

In danho rechipiri nitrification kutora chikamu:

• nitrobakter dzinza;
• nitrospina dzinza;
• nitrokokus.

The kupfuura kudzidza tisawirirane mabhakitiriya ari genus nitrbakter rine zita rokukudza akawana yayo Vinogradski. Izvi nitrifying utachiona vane masero peya serin'i bereka kuburikidza yotunga kuumba Mobile (wakakodzera flagellum) mwanasikana sero.

The mamiriro mabhakitiriya

Nitrifitsiruyushie nezvokumwe utachiona vane cellular mamiriro akafanana nevamwe giremu negative zvinenge. Vamwe vavo zvakanaka kunyatsobudirira womukati Kamudzira hurongwa, pamurwi wezvamatongerwe muzinda muchitokisi, nepo vamwe vari vakaronga pamusoro arikunze yechivako chacho kana kuti kuumba mukombe zvinosanganisira anoverengeka akaturikidzana. Sezviri pachena, ndiwo masangano aya vanosonganirana makemikari zvinobatanidzwa munyaya oxidation pamusoro nitrifiers chaizvo substrates.

Type zvokudya nitrifying kwemabhakitiriya

Nitrobakterii vari unosungira autotrophs nekuti haana kukwanisa kushandisa exogenous Organic zvinhu. Zvisinei, nokuda kuedza zvisinei akaratidza kugona vamwe okuva nitrifying utachiona vanoshandisa dzimwe yeimwe Organic.

It Vakawana kuti substrate chine mbiriso autolysates, naSerine uye glutamate zvishoma kuwanda, anotokonya nzira zvakakanganisa kukura nitrobaktery. Izvi zvinoitika zvose pamberi nitrite, uye pasina ayo svikiro, kunyange zvichiitika nomumugwagwa kwaitora nguva zvikuru. Mukusiyana, pamberi nitrite acetate oxidation kwacho iri woutsinye, asi ayo kwebasa rinofanira kabhoni iri puroteni, siyana amino acids nezvimwe cellular zvinoriumba inowedzerawo yekudyidzana.

Somugumisiro vakawanda kuedza, mashoko rwaiwanikwa kuti nitrifying utachiona vanogona chinja kusvika heterotrophic zvokudya, asi sei zvibereko rinhiko vanogona zviripo ezvinhu akadaro, anoramba kuti kuonekwa. Kunyange zvazvo mashoko dzinopesana kuzochera rwokupedzisira pakugumisa nyaya iyi.

Habitat uye kukosha nitrifying kwemabhakitiriya

Nitrifying utachiona vari chemoautotrophs uye zvakapararira zvakasikwa. Zvinowanika kwose kwose: muvhu, siyana substrates, uyewo madziva. Ironge upenyu hwavo zvinobatsira zvikuru zvinonyatsorehwa senitrogen kunoita zvakasikwa , uye chaizvoizvo ungasvika zvikuru kukura.

Somuenzaniso, kwakadaro microorganism sezvo nitrotsistis Oceanus, yoga kubva Atlantic Ocean, rinoreva unosungira halophiles. Unogona chete zviripo yomugungwa kana substrates kuti ane izvozvo. Nokuti tusingaoneki kwakadaro hakusi chete dzinogarisana inokosha, asi constants akadai ph uye tembiricha.

All anozivikanwa nitrifying utachiona chinhu unosungira aerobes. Kuti oxidize amoniya kupinda nitrous acid, uye nitrous asidhi kupinda nitric, vanoda okisijeni.

magariro

Chimwe chinokosha, yakaratidza masayendisiti yaiva kuti nzvimbo yavanogara nitrifying bacteria havafaniri ane makemikari nyaya. dzidziso rwa kuti zvigare izvi hazvigoni pfungwa kushandisa makemikari yeimwe kubva kunze. Vakatosvika kunzi unosungira autotrophs.

Zvadaro, shuga pernicious pesvedzero kwave vaudzewo kakawanda, urea, peptone, glycerol nezvimwe makemikari nyaya iri nitrifying utachiona, asi usaregedza vachiedza.

Meaning of nitrifying utachiona kuti ivhu

Kutozosvikira munguva ichangopfuura zvakanzi vaidavira kuti nitrifying kubatsira pamusoro hwevhu nokuwedzera cleavage zvayo Ammonium nitrate. Ekupedzisira havasi chete zvakanaka kunyura miti, asi mukati uye pachavo nokuwedzera solubility vamwe zvicherwa.

Zvisinei, maonero dzesayenzi kunge wakashanduka-shanduka mumakore achangopfuura. Kwakaratidza kunambwa of zvinorondedzerwa zvigare zviri hwevhu. Nitrifying bacteria yokuumba nitrate, acidic zvakatipoteredza, zvisina nguva dzose yakanaka chinhu, uyewo mukuru mwero saturation ivhu wakatsamwisa Ammonium ions pane nitrates. Uyezve, nitrates vari kuderedzwa kuti kukwanisa N ₂ (pasi denitrifakatsii), izvo zvinozoita kunotungamirira kuti Kuparadzwa ivhu senitrogen.

Chii ngozi nitrifying mabhakitiriya?

Vamwe utachiona nitrobaktery pamberi ane makemikari substrate anogona oxidize Ammonium, achiumba hydroxylamine, uye zvadaro nitrites uye nitrates. Uyewo somugumisiro wanda zvakadai zvingaitika hydroxamic acid. Uyezve, nhamba utachiona vari nedanho nitrification akasiyana yeimwe, izvo zvinosanganisira senitrogen (oximes, amines, amides, hydroxamates, uye dzimwe nitro yeimwe).

Kutambudzwa heterotrophic nitrification pasi zvimwe zvinhu, anogona kuva huru kwete chete, asi zvinokuvadza chaizvo. Ngozi yacho iri chokwadi kuti panguva nokuchinja kwakadaro kunoitika paumbwe zvine chepfu, mutagens uye carcinogens. Naizvozvo, masayendisiti ave kushanda kunyatsotevera pamusoro kudzidza wenyaya.

Biological Sefa, riri pedo nguva dzose

Nitrifying utachiona - haasi husingaoneki pfungwa, asi vakawanda chaizvo muchimiro upenyu. Uyezve, vanowanzoororwa kushandiswa murume.

Somuenzaniso, muna chaivo Sefa nokuda aquariums zvinosanganisira utachiona izvi. Izvi mhando kurapwa hazvichadhuri uye hakusi basa nyanyisa sezvo zvokuimba kurapwa, asi panguva imwe chete kunoda zvaidiwa zvimwe zvinhu kuitira kuti kukura uye basa nitrifying mabhakitiriya.

Chinonyanya yakanaka microclimate kwavari ndiye nezvakatipoteredza tembiricha (kana mvura iyi) anenge 25-26 Celsius, kuramba tichiwana okisijeni uye kuvapo hwemvura zvirimwa.

Nitrifying utachiona vari kurima

Kuti awedzere goho, varimi vanoshandisa fetiraiza akasiyana ane nitrifying utachiona.

ivhu zvokudya kana akapa nitrobakteriyami ichi uye Azotobacter. Mabhakitiriya aya kubviswa muvhu uye mvura anodiwa zvinhu izvo zvinoumba ari oxidation kwacho asi yakawanda simba. Izvi zvinonzi chemosynthesis muitiro kana akagamuchira simba anoenda paumbwe kunzwisisa Organic mamorekuru kubva carbon dioxide inobvisa uye mvura.

tusingaoneki ava hakwo nerubatsiro zvinovaka muviri kubva zvakavapoteredza - vanogona kubereka dzavo. Saka kana zvinomera, izvo zviri zvakare autotrophic, inoda chezuva, ipapo nitrification utachiona hazvisi zvakakodzera.

ivhu nokuzvidzora kuchenesa

Ivhu - munhu substrate wakakwana nokuda kukura uye kubereka vana kwete chete zvinomera, asiwo zvinhu zvipenyu zvakawanda. Saka zviri zvikuru kukosha zvarakanga ezvinhu, uye mwero akafanana.

Zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti ivhu chaivo yokunatswa rinopa kusanganisira nitrifying utachiona. Vari muvhu, manyowa kana reservoirs, mudzoke amoniya iyo secrete mamwe majemusi uye tsvina Organic zvokuvakisa, nitrates (kuva kunyatsoenderana, ari nitric iine acid munyu). The yose muitiro ine muzvikamu zviviri:

1. Oxidation kuti amoniya kuti nitrite.
2. The oxidation pamusoro nitrite kuti nitrate.

Saka danho rimwe inopiwa mamwe tusingaoneki.

Vanonzi utsinye denderedzwa

Circuit of simba uye kugadzira upenyu Panyika kunobvira anoonga kuchengetwa zvimwe mitemo ariko zvose zvipenyu zvose. Pakutanga zvakaoma kunzwisisa zviri mungozi, asi zviri zvechokwadi nyore.

Ngativerengei fungidzira inotevera mufananidzo bhuku chikoro:

1. Inorganic zvinhu zviri kupatsanurwa ne zvigare uye nokudaro kusika akanaka ezvinhu muvhu nokuda chirimwa kukura uye kudya kunovaka.
2. Ivowo, chinhu chinokosha tsime simba nokuda herbivores vakawanda.
3. Zvinotevera cheni upenyu hanya ndiyo zvikara simba vari ukuwo, avo herbivorous dzomuzana.
4. Vanhu vanozivikanwa kuva pamusoro zvikara, uye izvi zvinoreva kuti tinogona kuwana simba kubva chirimwa nyika uye mhuka.
5. Uye mano edu kuti residues, uyewo avo vakawanda nemhuka kurarama, kushanda inotonhorera substrate kuti zvigare.

Saka, munhu utsinye denderedzwa, uye inopa akaramba kushanda upenyu zvose zvipenyu zvose panyika. Kuziva misimboti iyi hakusi nyore kufungidzira kuti chinoumbwa nezvinhu zvakawanda uye chaizvoizvo risingaperi simba rezvakasikwa uye zvipenyu zvose.

mhedziso

Munyaya ino isu wakamboedza kupindura mubvunzo, chii nitrifying utachiona vari zvipenyu. Sezvaunogona kuona, pasinei hunoshamisa uchapupu upenyu, kushanda uye nezvichazoitika zvigare izvi, pane zvakawanda nyaya nharo kuti zvinoda zvidzidzo mberi experimental.

Nitrifying bacteria ndezvaJehovha chemotroph. Panobva simba kuti vashumire zvakasiyana siyana zvicherwa. Pasinei dzayo duku saizi, zvinenge izvi zvine guru kukanganisa nyika yakavapoteredza.

Sezvo chikazozikamwa, chemotroph haugoni Organic yeimwe zviri substrate (ivhu kana mvura). Ivo, nekusiyana, zvibereko kuvaka zvinhu nokuti kusikwa mupenyu uye kushanda masero.