Animal tupukanana. mhando parasitism

Zvimwe zvipfuwo vanoberekwa uye kufa, vanopedza upenyu hwavo mitumbi mamwe fauna of. Chokutanga, shandisa wechipiri seinokonzera simba. tupukanana Animal anogona iri muviri mumwe mhuka, kudya ropa rayo. Somuenzaniso, inda uye inda vanogara paganda wehondo (anonzi muviri, kunoitika nokuda kuvapo chisvetasimba). Vamwe mhuka, tupukanana inogona pachavo zvokudya paura, nemidziyo ropa, uye dzimwe nhengo, zvichiita kumukuvadza pavanatenzi vavo. Rufu urege kukonzera, asi kunoita kuti munhu mukuru kwakaderera muviri uye munyika yose. Vanogonawo kukonzera zvirwere pachishandiswa vamwe vamiririri fauna of nomunhu.

parasitism

Shoko "chisvetasimba" rine midzi Greek uye chaizvoizvo anoshandura se "chisvetasimba." Large uye duku, "chisvetasimba" zvokudya node uye ropa, nyama uye ozeyewa zvokudya, kana zvachose kana kwenguva kushandisa zvimwe zvinenge somunhu dzinogarisana. Parasitism ndeimwe nzira co-nokuvapo marudzi emhuka. Ndiye yomukati, wokunze uye munhukadzi.

zvemukati

mhando iyi tupukanana mhuka (mazita avo ari mumazana) kupinda munzvimbo zvomukati zvemhuka dzakasiyana-siyana kuti vanogara ikoko kuwanda, achipa vasingaverengeki mwana, zvichikonzera siyana nomuchetura zvigadzirwa muupenyu hwavo pamwe - mamwe marudzi zvirwere. Man, sezvo mutemo, vanogona kuva utachiona nokudya nyama yemhuka dzisina nepaImba kupisa kurapwa zvakakwana.

zvokutanga

Hadzina tupukanana zvokuti diki kuti vanogona kuvhiringidzwa utachiona. Maererano sechivako - rimwe-celled zvinenge. Dai kana murege kuva goko zvichiberekana pabonde kana asexually, kuva kunofambira mberi kana uchifamba. Kunowanzosanganisira vanogara mucous membranes, ropa, mumasero. Zvikuru ngozi nokuda toxoplasmosis kwevanhu vangazivikanwa utachiona hwakakura Toxoplasma gondii utachiona hwakakura uye leishmaniasis - Leishmania donovani. tupukanana izvi kwemhuka nevanhu vari kazhinji chakasvitswa zvokudya.

helminths

Kukura parasitic ihonye zvakasiyana uye vanoumba mumwe kureba kubva millimeters mashoma kusvikira mamita anoverengeka. Helminth noutachiona kunogona kukonzera. Mapoka mapoka matatu: trematodes, nematodes uye cestodes.

flukes

Mabhii Via kubvisa mikombe uye une elongated muviri usina zvikamu iyo afanane shizha. Somuenzaniso, chiropa fluke, izvo anogara bile ducts ramakwai, asi zvinogona kutapukira vanhu. Zvasvikira mumwe sendimita pahupamhi uye kureba - kusvika matatu.

cestodes

Hadzina tupukanana anonzi "mimvuri" kana tapeworms. Ndivo parasitic ari mukuru danho iri dumbu uye murume uye mhuka. Uye larval - vari dzimwe hove nhengo, tumbuyu, uye mhuka. Vane sandarara segmented muviri, zvakasiyana chimiro. Idya diffusely, achibatsirwa osmosis, nekuti kunyimwa zvomudumbu hurongwa. Somuenzaniso, ekinokokk anogona parasitize ari ura dzembwa uye tapeworm (dzimwe nguva kureba mamita mashanu) - panguva mukuru rwakazara ari muura womunhu. The larval pavaipfuura tapeworm kunoitika muna tsandanyama nguruve uye mabhodhoro nyama yakadaro pasina kupisa kurapwa zvakakwana, vanhu kunogonawo chirwere.

nematodes

Izvi roundworms (semuenzaniso, Trichinella spiralis) vane kureba millimeters matatu. Adult marudzi tupukanana ari muura zvemhuka uye vanhu, asi mazana uve tsandanyama. Kana kudyiwa nyama yenguruve yasvibiswa mazana munhu, sezvo mutemo, zviri noutachiona nematodes.

Arthropods mhuka tupukanana

Mienzaniso: mites, inda, inda uye mosikito. Of mites, zviri zvenguva wehondo uye vectors akasiyana utachiona - mhuri yose Ixodes (Ixodidae). Mhuri Sarcoptidae chinosanganisirawo mites siyana chikonzero scabies muvanhu. Tupukanana kupinda mumba intradermal unotii mazai, kana kugara ganda pamusoro. Vanopinda kwokunze tupukanana.

umhutu

Izvi zvakare kwokunze tupukanana mhuka. Mienzaniso "nahlebnicheskoy" mabasa aya - simba ropa. On womunhu kana mhuka muviri ivo vagere, asi utachiona hwacho kushandisa ropa (ectoparasitism) sezvokudya. Sezvineiwo, vanhu vose varume navakadzi Tidzidze umhutu kazhinji nekita chirimwa facial. Zvisinei, mune mhando dzakawanda (mu Russia vari anopfuura zana) ndiye kwadzakabva muromo kubaya ganda rechipfuwo. A hadzi anogamuchira zvinovaka muviri kubva ropa uye anowana kugona kuponesa mazai zvakawanda. Uye pane mhando mbiri simba nerubatsiro: ropa uye nekita. Asi kubva ropa nehadzi ropiwa mapuroteni sezvo zvokuvakisa kuti mazai avo. Vanhurume anoshandiswa sezvokudya nekita chete, nokurega parasitism. Nesayenzi nekusimba kuti zvimwe mosquito marudzi zvinogona kushandiswa sezvokudya ropa neshiri, nezvinokambaira uye kunyange - hove!

zvikwevaropa

hama izvi zviri earthworm uyewo vanosarudza ropa sezvo chikafu. Yakayamwa izvozvo, ivo tupukanana nezvimwe zvinenge. Zvikwevaropa padzakacherechedza chibayiro nokuda tembiricha muviri kana kunhuwidza. Zvadaro vachabatana, kuruma kuburikidza ganda nhatu dziripo shaya. mate kwavo saka chinangwa pachisikirwo kupa mushonga unonyaradza marwadzo kushanda uye chinonditadzisa kweropa.

lampreys

Vari mari hove. muromo wake lamprey kwakunoitwa pachayo nemuviri rehove, vaibvisa ganda. Saka anokwanisa kubudisa ropa uye zvimwe zvinwiwa kubva ronda. Kana saturation kunoitika muitiro lamprey rinowira kubva ronda uye rinonyura kuti pasi kusvikira nzara zvakare.

Chii mhuka tupukanana kuvapowo zvakasikwa? Izvi zvinosanganisira isopods. Ivo kuruma kuburikidza, sezvinoita mutemo, ganda kana goko kuti zvomugungwa uye akadya nenzira yakadaro "akatasva bhiza" riri akukoka.

dendere parasitism

Oddly zvakakwana, shiri - uyewo mhuka zvipukanana. Mazita kubhururuka "freeloaders" izvi ane anenge masere rudzi uye mhuri shanu. Mumiriri wakakurumbira zvikuru ndiyo neshiri yegungwa. Inoita mazai ayo omumwe dendere, nenzira kukonzera shiri nedzimwe mhando (semuenzaniso, a Woodpecker) kukushat kukura. A neshiri yegungwa vakarangana, vanorasira mazai kubva mudendere rimwe Woodpecker, kubvisa vakwikwidzi.

Vamwe hove nezvipembenene dzinoitawo ichi dendere parasitism, uchishandisa dzimwe mhuka kurera vana vavo.