Uchapupu kwakabva murume mhuka. The matsva nezvekwakabva murume

Uchapupu murume kubva pamhuka mavambo pachena kuzosimbisa shanduka dzidziso Charles Darwin. Tsika maonero pamusoro anthropogenesis, iro rakatanga kuumba munguva dzekare, kwave kuchiita kuchinja pamusoro nguva.

Biology: Human Origins

Aristotle aidavira kuti madzitateguru Homo sapiens imhuka. With pfungwa iyi inobvumirana uye musayendisiti Galen. Pakati murume nemhuka zvavainazvo tsoko. dzidziso dzavo vakaramba kuvazivisa taxonomist Karl Linney. Iye akasarudzwa yakakodzera mhando pamwe chete mhando "murume akachenjera". Zhan Batist Lamark akataura kuti kwaiva kwaiva chinhu chinokosha anthropogenesis. Mupiro chinokosha kune dzidziso Darwin akaita, dzichishandisa hwakawanda kwakabva murume mhuka.

Anthropogenesis nzvimbo matanho akawanda anotevedzana. Izvi zvekare, zvekare uye mangwanani ano vanhu. Uyezve, pane uchapupu hwokuti hwakagara mumwe, kukwikwidza kushingaira. Zvikuru vanhu vekare havana dzimba, asi vakakwanisa kugadzira zvokushandisa akaita amabwe uye aiva kutanga kutaura. The Generation Next - a Neanderthal. Vaigara mumapoka, vakakwanisa kuti mbatya kubva kwematehwe uye zvokushandisa zvakagadzirwa pfupa. Cro-Magnons - vanhu vokutanga ano, vaigara kuzvidzora akavaka dzimba kana nemapako. Zvavakatodzidza zvehari, akatanga domesticate mhuka uye kukura zvinomera. Uchapupu shanduka kuchinja Migumisiro paleontological Zvakafukunurwa, kufanana dziri embryology, anatomi uye Morphology kwevanhu uye mhuka.

Found paleontologists

Masayendisiti vagara kufarira nyaya iyi. Mabviro munhu nemhuka zvikurukuru kuratidza zvisaririra avo akawanikwa paleontologists. Pakati pavo pane mhando dzakafanana ano, uye Transitional siyana. Somuenzaniso, Archeopteryx - yascheroptitsa. Nokuti murume nayo avtralo- uye driopithecus. Kazhinji, Zvisaririra uchapupu hunoratidza kuti makemikari nyika nokufamba kwenguva anova kuoma. Mugumisiro chiitiko ichi munhu ano.

uchapupu biogeography

Chokwadi munhu hwakabva netsoko, uye kuratidza uchapupu nesayenzi kuti vanodzidza kuparadzira Pasi zvinomera uye mhuka. akadana biogeography. Masayendisiti akawana chaicho muenzaniso: mhenyu maonero yoga nzvimbo nyika zvakasiyana chaizvo kubva vamwe uye zvinowanikwa chete mukati imwe siyana. Muitiro yemhindumupindu yavo kana akarembedzwa. mhando yakadaro inonzi relict. Mienzaniso inosanganisira platypus muna Australia, Tuatara mu New Zealand, bilobate Ginkgo mu China uye Japan. In anthropology, zvakare, vane atarire. Uyu ndiwo mumwe zvinofadza zvikuru zvakavanzika zvakasikwa - munhu Snowman.

The zvakafanana. embryo budiriro

Uchapupu Nezvekwakabva murume kubva mhuka zvinokonzera uye embryology. Vari zvakavakirwa zvikurukuru nezvokuti siyana kwemarudzi zvakafanana zviri embryo kukura. Saka, Tuvana ose chordates zvose zvakafanana anatomical uye morphological marongerwo. Vane notochord, Neural chubhu uye dakashwa slits ari huro. Zvino pakupfuura okukura, mumwe nomumwe wavo zvinotora pamunhu unhu. Muvanhu, Neural chubhu iri kuva uropi uye musana, ivo nevaya zvikamu marangwanda, uye dakashwa slits vari vashoma, vachibvumira nyore kukura.

Okufananidza-anatomical uchapupu

Zvakakurukurwa dzomunyika maumbirwo zvipenyu ari kudzidza nezvezvinhu zvipenyu. Mabviro murume uye mhuka kunoratidza zvakajairika zvakafanana kwevanhu uye mhuka marongerwo. Vamwe vakuru vakuru vari homologous. Vane zvakafanana yakarongeka, asi vaine mabasa. Somuenzaniso, zviri pamberi muzvidimbu shiri, flippers chezvidhindo uye ruoko rwomunhu. Muvanhu, pane wokugaya, underdeveloped zvomukati, izvo mukufamba shanduka vakafirwa dzichipfekeka kukosha kwavo. uchenjeri uku mazino, coccygeal pfupa, ari fungiro wechitatu, tsandanyama kuti kufamba nzeve uye propelling bvudzi. Kana muitiro embryo kukura yokuvamba zvinetso, nhengo idzi angatanga zvakakwana. Fani kwakadaro anonzi atavism. Mienzaniso ayo multimammate, chichiitwa chimiro bvudzi, underdevelopment uropi cortex, pakuonekwa muswe.

Kufanana of karyotypes

Dzinza rako rinoratidzawo kuti murume hwakabva netsoko. Kutanga, zviri munhu diploid vanochengeta okutodza. In netsoko , ndiye 48, ukuwo vamiririri mhando Homo sapiens - 46. Izvi hatingazvirambi hwokuti kupi murume mhuka. A rechi13 peya okutodza rakafanana. Uyezve, kufanana iri amino iine acid kutevedzana mapuroteni mamorekuru kwevanhu uye chimupanze rinosvika 99%.

Step ari Kushanduka

Charles Darwin akagadzira zvipenyu uye magariro zvikonzero pamusoro shanduka wemunhu. Boka rokutanga rinosanganisira kurwira kuvapo, dzinongoitika kusarudzwa uye magene kushanduka. On dzavo hwaro, kuva pasocial zvinoita - kugona kushanda, munzanga upenyu, matauriro nechinangwa uye pfungwa. Charles Darwin akafunga kudaro.

Panyaya iyi, murume ano awana zvinhu zvakadai naro kusvika pachisikwa chikuru shanduka. Izvi kuwedzera chepfungwa uye kuderedza uso munharaunda dehenya, thorax, flattened mu dorsoventrally. Large dzevanhu ruoko munwe inoshora vamwe kuti chokuita kukwanisa kushanda. Kuchinja kunokosha kwave uye bipedalism. Naizvozvo, kuti musana ine mana wakatsetseka vanobwembura, uye tsoka riri yokufeva. Inopa cushioning achityaira. The mapfupa chiuno kutora chimiro nemidziyo, sezvo iye anonzwa kumanikidzwa zvose zvomukati. Nezvokumutswa veMubatanidzwa kutaura ikabuda iri dokeriro cartilages nemarunda.

Pane matsva nezvekwakabva murume. Maererano murume uyu akabva netsoko of Miocene. peculiarity Its ndechokuti kusvikira panyika mamiriyoni makore akararama mumvura. Uchapupu dzidziso iyi ndiyo nezvaaikwanisa kubata mweya yavo kwenguva refu, inspiratory uye wakasara panyika. Mumakore achangopfuura wazova chaizvo mvura pakuberekwa. Vanotsigira nzira iyi vanodavira kuti mwana zvikuru akasununguka muna ezvinhu pazviri panguva yepamuviri.

Munyika imwe yakawanda vose vatsigiri uye vavengi dzidziso kwakabva murume mhuka. Zvisinei, uchapupu ino maonero anthropogenesis zvakakwana dzakawanda uye uchapupu.