Biopolymers - ndiko ... Plant Polymers

A-siyana siyana namakemikari zvakaita yeimwe hombe akakwanisa synthesize murume murabhoritari. Zvisinei, achiri kupfuura inokosha youpenyu zvose zvipenyu hurongwa vave uye vacharamba chaizvo chaivo, dzinongoitika zvinhu. Ndiko, mamorekuru kuti zvinobatanidzwa zviuru nokukanganisika siyana mukati mumuviri uye vane basa ravo renguva dzose kushanda.

Ruzhinji kwavari ndohwavo boka kuti ine zita "chaivo Polymers."

The vakawanda yokuti biopolymers

Chinhu chokutanga kutaura kuti kubatana zvose izvi - High, tinazvo vakawanda, richisvika kumamiriyoni Daltons. Izvi zvinhu - mhuka uye miriwo Polymers, izvo basa mutsindo basa rokuvaka masero vavo zvivako, ichipa muviri, photosynthesis, afemeruke, zvokudya uye zvose mamwe mabasa anokosha chero chipenyu muviri.

Kuona kukosha zvakadai yeimwe zvakaoma. Biopolymers - vari dzinongoitika zvinhu rwokuzvarwa mavambo, izvo achiumbwa zvipenyu uye ndiwo hwaro hwose pasi redu. Chii chaizvo chiri papi zvinosanganisira?

sero biopolymers

Vakawanda vavo. Saka, mikuru biopolymers ndedzinotevera:

• mapuroteni;
• polysaccharides;
• nucleic acids (DNA uye RNA).

Kunze izvi, pano zvinokwanisika zvinosanganisira Polymers dzakawanda vakavhengana vari aumba kubva mubatanidzwa kare dziri. Somuenzaniso, lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides, glycoproteins nevamwe.

Common ehupfumi

Pane zvakawanda zviri kuti ndezvemamiriro vose mamorekuru vari mubvunzo. Somuenzaniso, zvinotevera mukuru ehupfumi pamusoro biopolymers:

• huru samolecular uremu nokuda paumbwe zvikuru macrochains pamwe ramifications vari makemikari mamiriro;
• mhando linkages mu macromolecules (rehydrogen, Ionic mukukurukurirana, electrostatic kukwezvana, disulfide linkages, peptide zvisungo, etc.);
• ari STRUCTURAL chairema redunhu rimwe nerimwe - monomeric chikwata;
• stereoregularity kana ayo kusavapo iri nemamiriro cheni.

Asi vose, vose biopolymers Achiri kusiyana marongerwo uye mashandiro, pane kufanana.

mapuroteni

Zvikuru muupenyu zvose zvipenyu zviri mapuroteni mamorekuru. biopolymers kwakadaro - ndiyo hwaro biomass. Pashure pezvose, kunyange pamusoro dzidziso Oparin-Haldane upenyu Panyika yakatanga kubva coacervate mumate, unova puroteni.

Sechivako izvi zvinhu inozviisa pakuomerera nguva dzose marongerwo. Hwaro neimwe puroteni vanoumba amino asidhi residues kuti vanokwanisa unobatanidza nemumwe mu isingaperi cheni kureba. Izvi zvinoitwa wezvamatongerwe ukama hunokosha - peptide. chisungo kwakadaro achiumbwa pakati okunze mana: kabhoni, okisijeni, senitrogen uye rehydrogen.

Sechivako puroteni Morekuru angasanganisira yakawanda amino asidhi residues sezvo chete kana dzakasiyana (a makumi mashomanana zviuru kana kupfuura). All kuitika Zvinoumba izvi amino asidhi mhando yeimwe, pane 20. Zvisinei, mubatanidzwa dzavo dzakasiyana-siyana kunoita puroteni zviwande yakawanda uye mhando sezvamunoita.

mapuroteni, biopolymers vane dzakasiyana spatial conformation. Somuenzaniso, mumwe mumiririri angawanika muchimiro chikuru, yechipiri, tertiary kana quaternary marongerwo.

Kupfuura nyore uye Linear rimwe - inokosha. Inongova uwandu amino asidhi sequences zvabatanidzwa.

Secondary conformation ane zvakawanda kunzwisisa chivakwa, sezvo nhamba mapuroteni macrochains ari helical kunotangira, zvichiumba Coils. Two riri pedo macrostructures dzinoitwa pedyo mumwe nokuda hydrogen uye covalent aiita pakati mapoka kwemaatomu. Kusiyanisa Arufa Beta akamonyoroka yechipiri maumbirwo kwemapurotini.

Tertiary Chimiro chinhu yakazvimoneredza Coil ari macromolecule (polypeptide chain) mapuroteni. Very kunzwisisa richikurukura aiita mukati globule ichi anobvumira kuti zvakakwana kugadzikana uye chengeta vakagamuchira chimiro.

Quaternary conformation - zvikuru polypeptide ngetani uye yakazvimoneredza spirally swirled coils iyo nokudaro pamwe kuumba akawanda Links kuti siyana. The kwazvo globular marongerwo.

Mashandiro mapuroteni mamorekuru

1. Transportation. Voitakura kunze chikamu plasma Kamudzira mapurotini masero. Vanoumba Ion migero, anogona kupfuura zvimwe mamorekuru. Uyewo, mapuroteni zvakawanda chikamu kufamba organelles ose majemusi uye utachiona, saka, dzinoshanda kufamba kwavo.
2. The simba basa iri akauraya Data kwazvo kushingaira mamorekuru. Imwe giremu mapuroteni mu muviri unogadza 17.6 KJ. Naizvozvo, kudyiwa nemhuka nemiti zvigadzirwa ine yeimwe izvi, zvinokosha kuti zvipenyu.
3. Construction chinhu ndicho chikamu mapuroteni mamorekuru pakuvaka vakawanda cellular Zvivako masero pachavo, munyama, nhengo, uye zvichingodaro. Zvinenge chero Sero iri rinonyanya zvakavakwa mamorekuru izvi (cytoplasm cytoskeleton, yeplasma Kamudzira, ribosome, mitochondria nedzimwe nhengo zvinobatanidzwa paumbwe mapuroteni yeimwe).
4. The CATALYTIC basa rinoitwa nevanhu makemikari, izvo, avo makemikari hunhu, muri chakafanana mapurotini. Pasina makemikari zvaisazobvira vazhinji nokukanganisika siyana mumuviri, sezvo vari - chaivo catalysts pakurarama enyika.
5. Kanotokonya (uyewo chiratidzo), mashandiro kunobatsira masero kufamba uye kupindura chero kuchinja zvakatipoteredza, zvose zvemaziso uye namakemikari.

Kana puroteni mune mubvunzo mukuru udzamu, zvinokwanisika kuti govera zvimwe zvakawanda yechipiri mabasa. Zvisinei, apa zvinokosha.

nucleic acids

biopolymers kwakadaro - chikamu chinokosha foni ose, kana prokaryotic kana eukaryotic nayo. Pashure pezvose, nucleic acids vanosanganisira DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) uye RNA (ribonucleic acid), chimwe nechimwe chinhu chinokosha chingaita zvipenyu.

By zvavo makemikari hunhu DNA uye RNA kutevedzana vari nucleotides dzaibatanidzwa rehydrogen zvisungo uye phosphate mabhiriji. Murwiyo ine DNA nucleotides akadai:

• adenine;
• thymine;
• guanine;
• cytosine;
• pyatiuglerodisty shuga deoxyribose.

RNA kunoratidzwa muna kuti thymine kunotsiviwa ne uracil, uye shuga - ribose.

Nokuda inokosha STRUCTURAL sangano morekuru reDNA kukwanisa kuita dzinoverengeka inokosha mabasa. RNA unoitawo basa rinokosha muchitokisi.

Mabasa acids dzakadaro

Nucleic acids - biopolymers zviri kukonzera zvinotevera mabasa:

1. DNA ndiyo zvirambe zviripo uye wokutepfenyurisa yokugara mashoko ari mumasero zvipenyu. In prokaryotes, kuti morekuru iri richiparadzirwa munyika cytoplasm. The Sero eukaryotic riri mukati tsanga akaparadzaniswa karyotheca.
2. Double-nezano morekuru reDNA rakakamurwa muzvikamu - kwemajini hunoumba nemamiriro chromosome. Majini nechimwe kuva rinokosha nemagene remitemo umo zvose nezviratidzo encrypted muviri.
3. RNA ari nezvezvikwata matatu - chizvaro, ribosomal uye zvifambiso. Ribosomal munyaya kwetunhu uye neungano mapuroteni mamorekuru pamusoro nhengo hurongwa. Matrix uye conveyance mashoko verenga kubva DNA uye decipher ayo yomuzvarirwo rinoreva.

polysaccharides

yeimwe izvi - iri kunyanya muriwo Polymers, kureva, inowanikwa mumasero kasvisto. Hazvina kunyanya kupfuma mune polysaccharides pakati muchitokisi rusvingo, izvo unotora cellulose.

By zvavo nemakemikari hunhu, polysaccharides - a macromolecule kunzwisisa maumbirwo makabhohaidhiretsi. Zvinogona Linear, layered crosslinked conformations. Monomers ndivo shanu nyore, kazhinji-kabhoni matanhatu shuga - ribose, shuga, fructose. Zvinokosha kuti zvisikwa zvipenyu, sezvo chikamu masero vari kudyara inotonhorera kuchengeterwa vari rinonamatira kusunungura yakawanda simba.

Zvinorehwa vamiririri siyana

Zvikuru utachiona Polymers akadai starch, cellulose, inulin, glycogen, chitin uye nevamwe. Kuti vanokosha manyuko simba iri zvipenyu.

Saka, cellulose - a fanira chezvinonhuwira chirimwa sero masvingo zvimwe mabhakitiriya. Zvinopa simba, mumwe chimiro. In indasitiri, mumwe murume rinoshandiswa kugadzirwa bepa, pamusoro acetate fibers.

Starch - Spare inotonhorera chirimwa, riri chinokosha chikafu chigadzirwa vanhu nemhuka.

Glycogen, kana mhuka mafuta, - kuchengeterwa zvokudya kwemhuka nevanhu. It anoita mashandiro kumbogadzirwa kuti mudziye, simba panobva, zvokuimba kudzivirirwa.

Mixed biopolymers ari Zvinoumba zvipenyu

Kuwedzera kune avo kuti dzatakurukura, pane mubatanidzwa siyana mukuru-samolecular yeimwe. biopolymers kwakadaro - neveMamwe kunzwisisa maumbirwo mapuroteni uye lipids (lipoprotein) kana polysaccharides uye mapuroteni (glycoproteins). mubatanidzwa lipids uye polysaccharides (lipopolysaccharides) kunobvirawo.

Mumwe nemumwe biopolymers izvi ane mhando dzakawanda kuti kuita zvipenyu dzinoverengeka zvinokosha mashandiro: chokufambisa, zvichikurukura, Kanotokonya, pamutemo, enzymatic, kuvaka uye nevamwe vakawanda. Chimiro kwavo mishonga chaizvo kunzwisisa uye kwete vamiririri vose decrypted, saka mashandiro haisi zvakazara kunorondedzerwa. Parizvino, inozivikanwa chete yakajairika, asi zvakawanda zvasara miganhu ruzivo kwevanhu.