Pithecanthropus - nayo ... The pfungwa dzevanhu mavambo

Nokuti kupfuura chimwe chemakore, vasayendisiti nevafungi vari nharo pamusoro chakavanzika dzevanhu chaiko. Fungidziro, pfungwa, dzidziso. Asi kune itsva uchapupu insolvency mumwe kana imwe pfungwa, saka hapana dzidziso panguva ino haisi nekusimba.

Vakawanda dzidziso dzevanhu mavambo

1. Religious dzidziso. Ndicho kupfuura kare. Vanotsigira pfungwa iyi vanowanzofunga pamusoro chomweya, naMwari nechitarisiko murume panyika.
2. Cosmogony. Cosmogonists vanoti mavambo kwevanhu ndiko yepasi pose hunhu, saka kuti yepamusoro venyama vari kuwa mitumbi yokudenga vakawaridza mhiri nyika. Mupfungwa iyi, zvinonzi vaidavira kuti upenyu panyika - yetsvakurudzo munhu.
3. Natural, mavambo yepanyika. Muvambi dzidziso iyi - the zvakasikwa Charles Darwin, uyo akaisa mberi nokufungidzira kwokuti munhu wakaburuka kubva netsoko ari shanduka kwacho. Ndizvo zvose upenyu panyika tichikufunga ichishanduka (zvinoenderana zvimwewo zvirwere) somugumisiro dzinongoitika selection, unosanganisira achivhara kunze simba zvinenge uye kupukunyuka akasimba. Zvizvarwa zvavo vari majini zvitange mashoko pamusoro anochinjika, zvichiguma zvipenyu ichishanduka.

Kukura dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka

Vateveri dzidziso iyi, inonzi "chekare yaDarwin", vanowanzomuitira kutenda Tsoko somugumisiro dzinongoitika kusarudzwa zvishoma nezvishoma rakavapo kuti yakakwirira padanho kukura.

Vakaramba kutanga dzidziso Darwin muzana remakore rechi19, musayendisiti wokuGermany Ernst Haeckel, uyo wakatangwa kuti kamwe paiva zvenguva padanho kukura pakati nemaape uye murume, uye akapa zita chisikwa ichi - Pithecanthropus, rinoshandurwa kubva muchiLatin - "chimupanze". Chii kunakidza, musayendisiti chete hunonzi akarondedzera ichi mhando. Pashure pezvose, Zvisaririra anowana dzaanadzo haana. Haeckel zvakare akataura, kwaaigona kugara Pithecanthropus - rwezasi-kumabvazuva ichi chikamu Asia.

Zvinoratidza yaDarwin

Mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19, pfungwa hwakasimbiswa nokuda Dutch mutsvakurudzi Ezhenom Dyubua akawana zvisaririra anorondedzerwa ari pachitsuwa Java. Vatsvakurudzi akazotevera vakawana itsva uchapupu dzidziso - iri rechi20 Zvakafukunurwa remakore rwaiitwa zvinobudirira Africa, uye vari kuwedzera zvakasara nemaape murume akawana zvokushandisa ake akaita namabwe.

Muna 1927, pedyo Beijing (China) paleontologists vakawana chaizvo zvinhu kuongorora - dzasara 40 vanhu (varume, vakadzi uye navana). Morphologically havasi kwakasiyana Pithecanthropus ukuwo, aizoguma ichi subspecies, asi patsika (zvakasiyana-siyana), kwakadai nemaape zvimwe headway munzira inoenda vanhu ano. Pithecanthropus - hama vanhu ava, aigara kare. Maererano akawana zvisaririra, masayendisiti akapa zita zvazviri - Peking Man (Chinese nemaape varume).

tsvakurudzo ano

Panguva ino, vaongorori vanodavira kuti madzitateguru dzevanhu yakananga ndivo wokutanga chaizvo - nemaape kufanana mhuka, nheyo kukura parapithecus.

Parapithecus - chimupanze vanhu kuti akazviratidza makore mamiriyoni 35 apfuura. Ndivo mhuka aigara pamiti, izvo chakaratidza kutanga emunhu rumwe rutivi, uye pane dzimwe - mhando ano netsoko: Gibbons, orangutans.

Driopithecus akazviratidza makore mamiriyoni 18 apfuura. mhuka iyi vanogara mumiti uye pasi. Vakava madzitateguru chimupanze ano, magorira uye Australopithecus yekare.

Mabviro Homo habilis

Australopithecus - a subspecies pamusoro tsoko kuti akararama mamiriyoni 5 apfuura, avo mapfupa zvakawanikwa muna Africa, treeless nzvimbo. Vaiva Mbabvu zvina zvinofamba nenzira hafu-guda nzvimbo pamusoro makumbo maviri hadzi. Growth navo aigona kusvika masendimita 150; uremu - makirogiramu 50. Free australopithecines forelimbs vaigona kushandisa kunovhima zvinoreva (kudzivirira) - tsotso, namabwe. Australopithecus - nayo ploto- uye herbivorous nemaape varume, vakanga dzikarongwa mune makwai avo pachavo mhando. Maererano nedzimwe zvekungofungira, paiva rakatevera pavaipfuura shanduka cheni - Homo habilis.

Homo habilis akazviratidza anenge mamiriyoni 2-3 apfuura. muviri mamiriro rinenge hapana chakasiyana pakarepo tateguru ayo - Australopithecus, asi ndakadzidza kuti ndishandise imwe chinyakare zvinhu. Homo habilis rakatanga Pithecanthropus.

Homo erectus uye Homo sapiens

Pithecanthropus, Sinanthropus - subspecies maviri zvaiva zvakafanana marudzi, Homo erectus. Kutonga nezvinooneka akawana zvisaririra, masayendisiti vakagumisa kuti vakanga akafanana zvikuru kuna Australopithecus pane munhu. kukura kwavo kwasvika 160 cm uropi vhoriyamu - kubva 700 kusvika 1200 cubic metres. Munoona, vakanga guru huma anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri kwete yakabudikira chirebvu, rakafara cheekbones. Taigara mamiriyoni 2 - 200,000 apfuura, dzikarongwa pamwe kwavo yemhando kwamunogara - mumapako. Vaiziva sei kuvaka yakagozha yokutevedzera zvokushandisa, pane Homo habilis. Zvinonzi vaidavira kuti Pithecanthropus - ichi nemaape varume anotova yakanaka nekunyatsotsanangura unyanzvi. chisikwa ichi, uyo aiziva nzira kubika nemoto, vakadzidza kudzivirira, pokugara kubva ekunze akaipa, kuti vawedzere dzavo chikuva, kutya kuti upenyu hwake.

Neanderthals - inotevera padariro kukura, aivapo panguva glacial nguva (250,000 - 35,000 apfuura). Travo- uye carnivores vakakwanisa ruchikonzera uye kuramba moto, zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana (mapanga, choppers, scrapers), akadzidza kupawo basa inonyatsobudirira kuita (vanhurume vaiva vavhimi, vakadzi - vachiuraya zvitunha, achiunganidza dzinodyiwa midzi, zvirimwa).

Cro-Magnons vakatsiviwa mune shanduka ngetani Neanderthals, vaiva nhengo kwemarudzi Homo sapiens vokutanga. Akararama 50 000 - 40 000 apfuura. Izvi anthropologically pedyo ano vanhu venyama. Kukura kwayo vaigona kusvika 180 cm vhoriyamu uropi -. 1400 CC, munhu aiva mukuru huma, hombe pahuma anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri ndisipo (kufanana ayo vamutangira). Cro-Magnons vakakwanisa kutaura articulately, sezvinoratidzwa akakurumbira chirebvu, akavaka matumba, vakasonanidza matehwe kubereka zvishandiso dzakaoma (pfupa, ibwe, nesilicon), vakakwanisa vashongedze navo. Vaifarira chitendero uye nounyanzvi.

Zvino shanduka dzidziso kwakabva munhu Inonyanya uye ane zita - anthropogenesis.