History of desarrollo Biology. Kukura zvipenyu ano

Kubva pamazuva oupenyu okutanga, mwana anoda kunzwisisa nyika yakavapoteredza. Mukuru asvika, kuti kunakidza uye mafaro nayo paichazadziswa. Nyika iri kuchinja pamwe nayo. Uye zvose zvevanhu haamiri ayo kukura achiri. All Zvakawanikwa zvitsva akabatwa. Chokwadi kuti zuro zvakanga zvisingaiti, nhasi inova nyaya zvavo. An mupiro kukuru kune ano mberi mune zvesayenzi uye kugadzira ari kuita sayenzi zvipenyu. It kudzidza zvose zvoupenyu, rinoongorora nzendo mavambo uye shanduka zvipenyu. Zvinokosha kuziva kuti ari oga bazi sayenzi iyi dzinounzwa chete XIX remakore, kunyange zvazvo ruzivo rwenyika vanhu yave kuunganidza yose zvayo kukura. History of Makuriro zvipenyu Zvinofadza chaizvo uye kunakidza. Vanhu vakawanda vanogona kubvunza: nei tichifanira kudzidza sayenzi iyi? Zvinoita sokuti, kunyange vanobatanidzwa masayendisiti. Sei chido chirango ichi vanhuwo murume? Asi pasina ruzivo inokosha physiology kwevanhu uye anatomi hatigoni Somuenzaniso, pakurwara kunyange vanhuwo chando. sainzi ichi anokwanisa kupa mhinduro dzemibvunzo yakaoma zvikuru. Chinhu chikuru chinogona anojekesa zvipenyu - dzidziso upenyu Panyika.

Science kare

Modern zvipenyu ane nemidzi yawo kare. Zvinonzi zvakabatana chaizvo pamwe kukura yebudiriro kare munzvimbo yeMediterranean. Zvakawanikwa wokutanga mumunda ichi chinoitwa zvakadai kunoshamisa manhamba sezvo Hippocrates, Aristotle, Theophrastus nevamwe. Mupiro masayendisiti kuti kukura zvipenyu kunokosha. Ngatikurukurei zvimwe zvakadzama pamusoro pomumwe nomumwe wavo. Yekare Chiremba Greek Hippocrates (460 -... ca. 370 BC) akapa rondedzero maumbirwo muviri womunhu uye mhuka yokutanga hwakadzama. Akataura sei zvezvakatipoteredza zvinhu uye nhodzera vatingakurudzira dzimwe zvirwere. Nyanzvi Modern yakanzi muvambi Hippocratic mushonga. Mutsindo Greek anofunga uye Aristotle (.. 384-322 BC) vakakamura nyika kupinda ushe zvina: munyika vanhu nemhuka, nyika zvinomera, zvisina upenyu nyika (nyika), nyika nemvura mhepo. Akaita zvakawanda kurondedzerwa mhuka, nokudaro kutanga kuti taxonomy. ruoko rwake ane zvina zvipenyu bhuku, ane kuvazivisa mashoko ose panguva mhuka. Panyaya iyi, musayendisiti akapa kwete chete tsanangudzo kwokunze vamiririri umambo, asi kufunga dzakavapo uye kupararira. Iye akatanga kurondedzera mhenyu kuberekwa muna Sharks uye pamberi chaiwo masticatory wemuTesitamende mugungwa urchins, rinonzi nhasi "Aristotelian Lantern." Nyanzvi uno vaikoshesa nebudiriro yekare anofunga uye vanodavira kuti Aristotle ndiye muvambi wesangano zvemhuka. Yekare muzivi wechiGiriki Theophrastus (370-CA. 280 BC. E.) Dzakadzidza nyika zvinomera. Akarondedzera anopfuura 500 vamiririri umambo. Ndiye akaumba mashoko okuti botanical mazwi akawanda akadai "chibereko", "pericarp", "Musimboti", uye zvichingodaro. Theophrastus, masayendisiti vaiona muvambi bhotani ano.

Uyewo munokosha nezve mabasa kukura zvipenyu nyanzvi dzakadai Guy Pliniy Starshy Roman Zvino Klavdiy Galen (131 Makore - 200) (Makore 22-79.). Zvakasikwa Pliniy Starshy akanyora enisaikoropidhiya, yaiti "Natural History", raive zvose anozivikanwa panguva iyoyo mashoko pamusoro zvipenyu. Up kusvikira yeMiddle Ages, basa rake rine mavhoriyamu 37, ndiye chete nzwisisika tsime ruzivo nezvezvinhu zvakasikwa. Akakurumbira chiremba, chiremba uye muzivi nguva yake, Klavdiy Galen, akaita mupiro wakakura kuti pfungwa uye kukura sayenzi akadai yakaitwa, pharmacology, physiology, neurology uye vamwe. Muongororo ake, akaita kushandiswa zvikuru pamusoro kuvhuya chitunha mhuka. Akatanga kurondedzerwa uye akaenzanisa anatomi kwevanhu netsoko. Chinangwa charo chikuru chaiva kudzidza nechepakati uye peripheral tsinga. On kuziva mabasa ake navo chokuti basa rake pamusoro anatomi kwakavakirwa kuvhuya chitunha yenguruve uye tsoko kushandiswa kusvikira 1543, kusvikira sokuti basa Andreas Vesalius 'On nemamiriro womunhu muviri. " Vanodzidza zvokurapa masangano kudzidza mabasa Galen kusvika XIX remakore. dzidziso dzake kuti pachishandiswa tsinga uropi chidhiraivho sangano, richiri kushanda nhasi. Nani kunzwisisa kuti chidzoke uye kudzidza sayenzi iyi munhoroondo, tinobatsira patafura "Development zvipenyu." Heano yayo huru havaoni.

Ages mushonga

Mupiro masayendisiti kuti kukura zvipenyu munguva dzino ndechokuti rakakura. Zivo manhamba echiGiriki uye Roman vekare waisanganisira kwake tsika vanachiremba kuMiddle Ages zhinji. mushonga kuti apo vakawanda yakatanga. A chinokosha chikamu nharaunda hweRoma panguva iyoyo akakundwa navaArabhu. Saka, mabasa Aristotle nevamwe nyanzvi dzakawanda dzekare isu yakasvika mududziro kupinda Arabic. Paraiitwa pakataurwa izvi maererano Makuriro zvipenyu? Izvi zvakanga vanonzi yendarama zera Islam. Zvinokosha kucherechedza mabasa masayendisiti akadai Al-Jahiz, uyo zvino kokutanga akaratidza maonero ake pamusoro chikafu cheni uye shanduka. Ndiye akatanga nenzvimbo mupi werutemo - sayenzi pokudzora kwezvakatipoteredza ezvinhu paumbwe National hunhu uye mweya. A kurdish munyori Ahmad ibn Dawood al-Dinavari aita zvikuru kuti kukura Arabic bhotani. Akaita tsananguro anopfuura 637 siyana kwemarudzi zvinomera. Zvikuru munyika nemiti ndiyo kuitika kurapwa pamwe yemakwati. Greater dzakakwirira yakasvika mukurapa chiremba kubva Persia - Muhammad Ibn Zakariya al-Rāzī. Akabva experimentally inopikisanawo kutonga dzidziso Galen kuti "facial zvina zvinokosha." Mutsindo chiremba Persian Avicenna akasika rimwe remabhuku chinokosha pamusoro mushonga pasi zita "Canon of Medicine", bhuku vasayendisiti European kusvikira XVII remakore. Tinofanira kubvuma kuti munguva yeMiddle Ages ane masayendisiti mashoma makawana mukurumbira. Yaiva nguva kubudirira dzidziso nouzivi. mushonga Scientific raiva kuderera. Izvi yaiitwa kusvikira pakutanga Renaissance. Humwe zvokukura Makuriro zvipenyu chichange zvinotsanangurwa nguva ino.

Biology muna Renaissance

Muzana XVI remakore, kufarira physiology uye dzinongoitika nhoroondo awedzera mu Europe. Anatomists vaiita kwetsinga miviri yevanhu pashure porufu. Muna 1543 akabudisa bhuku rinonzi Vesalius 'On nemamiriro womunhu muviri. " History of Makuriro zvipenyu kuwana kumativi itsva. Mabatirwo kwemiti zvavo mukurapa. Izvi vasingagoni asi kukanganisa kukura mubereko munyika kasvisto. Fuchs uye Otto Brunfels muzvinyorwa ake nheyo pamwero mukuru zvirimwa kurondedzerwa. Kunyange vemifananidzo nguva vaifarira sechivako mitumbi yemhuka uye vanhu. Yakasiya mifananidzo yavo, kushanda parutivi rwechipo zvakasikwa. Leonardo da Vinci uye Albrecht Dürer mubishi rakasikwa ounyanzvi ake vakaedza kuwana rondedzero pamusoro anatomi kurarama miviri. Chokutanga izvi, panzira, kazhinji takatarisa kutiza shiri, akaudza Zvirimwa zvakawanda, vaiita mashoko nemamiriro womunhu muviri. No mupiro zvishoma zvinokosha kuti sayenzi iyoyo ndakaita uye masayendisiti zvakadai masayendisiti, Encyclopedic, vanachiremba. Muenzaniso uyu ndiwo mabasa Paracelsus. Saka, zviri pachena kuti zvipenyu kukura aiva gogonera mune pre-yaDarwin kumwedzi.

XVII remakore

Chinonyanya kuwanikwa nguva ino - ndiro hwomukova pulmonary riparadzirwe, akapa kufarira zvemidzimu kuti kukura yakaitwa uye pakuonekwa dzidziso tusingaoneki wechipiri. Ipapo zvidzidzo microbiological kutanga zvaitwa. Kokutanga yaiva tsanangudzo chirimwa masero, izvo zvinogona kunzi chete nemaikorosikopu. mudziyo uyu, nenzira, akanga afunga John Lippersgeem uye Zahariem Yansenom muna 1590 muna Holland. The mudziyo anogara hwakavandudzika. Uye nokukurumidza mhizha Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek, aifarira nemaikorosikopu, vakanga kuona uye gadzira tsvuku masero eropa, dzisingaoneki hwevanhu, uyewo dzinoverengeka vashomashoma zvipenyu (utachiona, ciliates, uye zvichingodaro). Development zvipenyu sechinhu sainzi panguva ino anoenda ndamboita. Zvakawanda yakaitwa mumunda physiology uye anatomi. Mumwe chiremba wokuEngland, Uilyam Garvey, anoratidza mhuka uye mufambiro tsvakurudzo neropa riparadzirwe, akaita dzinokosha matongo: A venous mavharuvhu, kuputira akaratidza rworudyi uye nokuruboshwe ventricles zvomwoyo. mupiro wake kukura zvipenyu zvakaoma kuona. Akazarura ari pulmonary riparadzirwe. A musayendisiti wokuItaly Francesco Redi, akaratidza kuti hazvibviri vaingoerekana chizvarwa enhunzi kuna vakasara zvakaora nyama.

History of Makuriro zvipenyu zviri XVIII remakore

Next, munhu wezivo ari sayenzi chaiwo kuwedzerwa. Chinonyanya kukosha zviitiko XVIII remakore vakatanga bhuku mabasa Karla Linneya ( "System pakati Nature") uye Georges Buffon ( "Universal uye voga dzinongoitika nhoroondo"). Taiita dzakawanda kuedza munzvimbo kukura nemhuka Embryology. Zvavakawana dzinoitwa nenyanzvi akadai Caspar Fridrih Volf, uyo pachishandiswa pakati zvakawanika wakaratidza zvishoma nezvishoma embryo ane rakasimba rudiment, uye Albrecht of Haller. With mazita aya zvinesungano anokosha nzendo kukura zvipenyu uye embryology ari XVIII remakore. Zvinonzi, Zvisinei, kuziva kuti mashoko masayendisiti waitsigira nzira yakasiyana kuti kudzidza nesayenzi: Wolf - epigenetic pfungwa (pakukura nhengo iri chipande), uye Haller - preformation pfungwa (kuvapo muna utachiona masero anokosha zvinhu zvivako kuti akafanosarudza kukura embryo).

Sayenzi iri XIX remakore

Zvinokosha kutaura kuti kukura zvipenyu sechinhu nesayenzi rakatanga chete XIX remakore. Shoko kare yakashandiswa nemasayendisiti pamberi. Zvisinei, zvinoreva zvakanga zvakasiyana zvachose. Somuenzaniso, Karl Linney akadana zvipenyu vanhu kuita nhoroondo dzeupenyu botanists. Asi gare gare shoko rakasvika pakunzi sayenzi kuti kudzidza zvose zvipenyu. nyaya dzakadai sezvo kukura pre-yaDarwin zvipenyu munguva, hatina kare yaibata. Pakutanga mashoko XIX remakore rakanga chidzoke ane sayenzi paleontology. Zvakawanikwa mumunda ichi chokuita nezita musayendisiti mukuru - ". The Origin of Species" Charles Darwin, uyo yechipiri yezana remakore, akabudisa bhuku vanoda Kuti uwane mashoko pamusoro basa rake, isu vakuitire muchitsauko chinotevera. The chidzoke foni yokuti, paumbwe phylogenetics, pave nemaziso anatomi uye cytology, paumbwe dzidziso panowanikwa zvirwere kuburikidza yekutapurira chaicho utachiona hwakakura, uye zvakawanda - zvose chokuita kukura nesayenzi ari XIX remakore.

Works of Charles Darwin

bhuku rokutanga musayendisiti mukuru - a "zvakasikwa Travel munyika nechikepe." Uyezve, chinangwa nokudzidza Darwin vakava barnacles. Izvi zvakaguma parunyoro uye bhuku mavhoriyumu mana basa physiology mhuka idzi. Kuti basa rake zoologists vachiri. Kunyange zvakadaro, mukuru basa Charles Darwin - bhuku "The Origin of Species", iro akatanga kunyora muna 1837. Bhuku iri vaisanganisa uye ikazobudiswazve kakawanda. It detailed ari dzemarudzi pezvipfuwo uye chirimwa mhando, akapa pfungwa dzake pamusoro dzinongoitika vakasarudzwa. Shanduka Makuriro zvipenyu zviri pfungwa Darwin - ndiwo variability kwazvakaita uye mhando vakadhakwa yedzinza uye zvokunze zvezvakatipoteredza zvinhu, uyewo avo dzinongoitika hazvibvi ambotaurwa mhuka. The musayendisiti vakasvika pakugumisa kuti chero muti kana mhuka zvakasikwa ruchigona muwande exponentially. Zvisinei, nhamba yevanhu zvipenyu ichi anoramba achitsungirira. Izvi zvinoreva kuti yezvakaita chiito mutemo yokupona. Strong zvinenge vapone vatenge nezviratidzo, wakawanirwa vose namarudzi, uye ipapo muwande, uye simba - vanourayiwa munharaunda utsinye. Izvi zvinonzi dzinongoitika (dzinongoitika) vakasarudzwa. Somuenzaniso, hadzi kodhi unobereka kusvikira mazai mamiriyoni manomwe. It chinopukunyuka 2 chete% of nhamba. Asi mamiriro dzezvakatipoteredza vanogona kuchinja. Zvadaro kukubatsira akasiyana chaizvo siyana zviratidzo. Somugumisiro, mirayiridzo dzinongoitika kusarudzwa kuchinja. External zviratidzo vanhu vanogona kuchinja. Pane hutsva, iyo apo tiine akanaka zvinhu rakasimba. Gare gare, muna 1868, Charles Darwin akabudisa basa rake rechipiri shanduka mirayiridzo rinonzi "Change mhuka uye zvinomera pasi domestication." Zvisinei, vakapiwa basa rake haisi richizivikanwa. Zvakakodzera kutaura rimwe basa rinokosha musayendisiti mukuru - bhuku "The anoburukira Man uye zvepabonde vakasarudzwa". Mairi akapa zvakawanda nharo vachida kuti murume hwakabva nemaape zvakadai madzitateguru.

Chii tichasimbiswawo remakore XX?

Vakawanda zvakawanwa pose zvesayenzi zvaitwa chaizvo muzana remakore rapfuura. Panguva ino, kukura zvipenyu kwevanhu anopa kuvandudza. Ndiyo nguva genetics. Pakazosvika 1920, iye akaumba chromosomal dzidziso yedzinza. Uye mushure Second World War, nokukurumidza akatanga kuva ezvinhu zvipenyu. Kuchinja Maitiro kukura zvipenyu.

genetics

Mugore 1900 vaiva, saka kutaura, rega mitemo Mendel kuti nenyanzvi dzakadai De Vries nevamwe. Nokukurumidza, izvi zvakateverwa Panovhurwa cytology kuti majini zvinhu muchitokisi zvivako zviri okutodza. Muna 1910-1915, kuti Working Group musayendisiti Thomas Hunt Morgan, yakavakirwa kuedza nezvibereko nhunzi (Drosophila) kwakasimbiswa vanonzi "Mendelian chromosome dzidziso yedzinza." Vanodzidza nezvezvinhu zvipenyu vakawana kuti kwemajini ari okutodza vanosarudzirwa linearly zvine "marozari pamusoro tambo." De Vries - musayendisiti wokutanga akaita chinhu kubvuma pamusoro Gene mutation. Uyezve, yakapiwa kuti pfungwa magene vasakukurwa. Uye muna 1980, imwe American experimental yefizikisi Luis Alvarez zvinganaka meteorite pfungwa kutsakatika of dinosaurs.

The chidzoke uye kukura nemakemikari omuviri

Kunyange zvakawanda kunoshamisa zvakawanwa vaimirira masayendisiti munguva yemberi iri pedyo. At pakutanga XX remakore vakatanga kushingaira tsvakurudzo mavhitaminzi. Zvishoma kare akazarura gwara chepfu uye zvinodhaka, mapuroteni, uye mafuta acids. Mumakore 1920-1930 masayendisiti Carl uye Gerty Cori, uye Hans Krebs akapa rondedzero carbohydrate transformations. Izvi chakaratidza kutanga kudzidza kwetunhu porphyrins uye steroids. Pakupera kwezana remakore, Fritz Lippmann akaita zvinotevera kuwanikwa: adenosine triphosphate akanga azivikanwa zvakasikwa mutakuri nokukanganisika simba muchitokisi, uye mukuru simba "chiteshi," rainzi mitochondria. Mano kuti Murabhoritari kuedza vakava yakagozha, kwaiva nzira itsva nezivo, akadai electrophoresis uye chromatography. Nemakemikari omuviri ndeimwe matavi zvokurapa, rinowanikwa ari oga nesayenzi.

ezvinhu zvipenyu

vatsva nyaya All chokuita akazviratidza kudzidza zvipenyu. Masayendisiti mazhinji akaedza kuona hunhu majini. In kuitisa kutsvakurudza kuti chinangwa ichi mumwe izwi idzva "ezvinhu zvipenyu". The chinhu nokudzidza yaiva nemavhairasi uye utachiona. bacteriophage akasarudzwa - utachiona kuti zvokusarudza inobata mamwe masero kwemabhakitiriya. Kuedza vakanga inoitwa Drosophila, chingwa muforoma, zviyo uye zvichingodaro. History of Makuriro zvipenyu ndechokuti zvakawanwa itsva dzakanga yaakaita Kuturwa midziyo zvachose itsva yokutsvakurudza. Saka, yakanga nokukurumidza akazogadzira Erekitironi maikorosikopu, uye yakakwirira-nokukurumidza centrifuge. mano izvi zvakaita masayendisiti kuvhura zvinosanganisira majini zvinhu ari okutodza rine DNA pane puroteni sepakutanga akafunga; DNA mamiriro rukaporeswa muchimiro tinoziva nhasi, kuti kaviri akamonyoroka.

nemagene ouinjiniya

Kukura zvipenyu ano haina akamira. Genetic ouinjiniya - ichi ndechimwe "byproduct" kwokudzidza chirango ichi. Zvinonzi izvi sainzi, tinofanira kuonekwa zvimwe zvinodhaka, zvakadai jekiseni uye threonine. Pasinei chokwadi kuti pari panguva padariro kukura nekudzidza munguva yemberi iri pedyo, tinogona kare kukwanisa "ravira" kubatsirwa. Izvi yokudzivirira itsva pamusoro zvirwere nengozi, uye akasiyana kukudziridzwa zvinomera havatamburi kubva kwemvura, chando, zvirwere, zvipukanana zviito. Masayendisiti akawanda vanodavira kuti kushandisa nebudiriro sayenzi iyi, tinogona kukanganwa nezvekushandiswa inokuvadza mishonga inouraya zvipembenene uye sora. Zvisinei, kukura chirango ichi zvinoita ano vanhu yakavhenganiswa kupima. Vanhu vazhinji vanotya harisi pasina chikonzero kuti kudzidza zvabuda chingava kwaita nemishonga inouraya mabhakitiriya uye zvimwe zvinodhaka vaishandira zvirwere ngozi muvanhu nemhuka.

Achangobuda Zvakawanikwa mu biology uye mushonga

Science kuramba ichishanduka. Ndichine zvakawanda zvakavanzika kumirira masayendisiti yedu yemberi. Kuchikoro nhasi akadzidza nhoroondo yezviri kukura zvipenyu. Pachidzidzo chokutanga panhau tine mugiredhi 6. Ngationei nevana vedu vachadzidza munguva yemberi iri pedyo. Heino mazita zvakawanwa kuti vakakwanisa kuita remakore itsva.

1. The chirongwa "Human Genome". Basa iri rakanga raitwa muna 1990. Panguva iyi, US Congress yakawanda mari yave dzinounzwa yokutsvakurudza. 2 dhazeni majini dzave deciphered muna 1999 gore. Muna 2001 akanga akaita wokutanga "nekubatwa" womunhu genome. Muna 2006, basa rakapera.
2. Nanomedicine - kurapwa chaizvo microdevices.
3. Nzira "kuwedzera" nhengo dzakavandika dzevanhu (chiropa rinenge bvudzi, mwoyo mavharuvhu, tsandanyama masero uye zvichingodaro).
4. Paakasika chakagadzirwa nhengo dzakavandika dzevanhu, vane unhu haringakupi nemasikirwo (chakaita zvokugadzirwa tsandanyama uye zvichingodaro).

A nguva apo muudzame ari akadzidza nhoroondo zvipenyu - rechi10 kugiredhi. Panguva iyi, vadzidzi vanowana zivo nemakemikari omuviri, cytology, kubereka vana zvipenyu. mashoko Izvi zvinogona kubatsira vadzidzi mune ramangwana.

Taiongorora nguva kukura zvipenyu sezvo ari oga sayenzi, asi akazivisawo chikuru mirayiridzo yaro.