Protein kunzwisisa: kutsunga, akafanana, mamiriro, mamiriro, mashandiro, kupatsanura uye characterization. Musiyano uri nyore mapuroteni kubva zvakaoma?

A kunzwisisa mapuroteni, kunze rokuti mapuroteni pacharo unotora wokuwedzera boka rakasiyana hunhu (prosthetic). Sezvo chikamu ichi ndivo makabhohaidhiretsi, lipids, nesimbi, residues pamusoro phosphoric acid, nucleic acid. Musiyano uri nyore mapuroteni kubva zvakaoma, chii mhando yakakamurwa izvi zvinhu, uye chii maitiro avo, nyaya ino ichataura. Musiyano mukuru pakati zvinhu mu mubvunzo - dzavo sezvamunoita.

Complex mapuroteni: Definition

Izvi zvinhu zviviri chinoumba, izvo zvinosanganisira nyore mapuroteni (peptide ngetani) uye non-proteinaceous zvinhu (prosthetic boka). In nedanho hydrolysis iri amino acids vari kuumbwa, uye asiri mapuroteni mugove manyowa zvigadzirwa. Musiyano uri nyore mapuroteni kubva zvakaoma? Wokutanga ine chete amino acids.

The kupatsanura uye characterization kwemapurotini dzakaoma

Izvi zvinhu zviri rakakamurwa mhando zvichienderana norudzi mamwe mapoka. For mapuroteni dzakaoma dzinosanganisira:

• Glycoproteins - mapuroteni, mamorekuru iyo ane carbohydrate moiety. Pakati pavo vane proteoglycans (zvinoumba intercellular nzvimbo), kusanganisira ayo mamiriro mucopolysaccharides. Nokuti immunoglobulins muri glycoproteins.
• Lipoproteins vanoumba chikamu chinoumba lipid. Izvi zvinosanganisira apolipoproteins, kuita basa kuunza mashoko lipid senga.
• Metalloproteins ane ions simbi (mhangura, manganese, simbi, etc.), Linked vachishandisa mumwe anyatsoronga-acceptor kudyidzana. boka iri haibatanidzi heme mapuroteni dzine profirinovogo mhete remubatanidzwa nesimbi, uye zvakafanana pamusoro maumbirwo mukomboni (chlorophyll, kunyanya).
• Nucleoproteins - mapuroteni une non-covalent zvisungo pamwe nucleic acids (DNA, RNA). Izvi zvinosanganisira chromatin - rokuti okutodza.
• 5. Fosfoproteidy, izvo zvinosanganisira casein (yakaoma mapuroteni Curd) zvinosanganisira covalently kwakabatana residues ose phosphoric acid.

• Chromoproteins dziberekane anobatanidza prosthetic zvinoriumba. kirasi iyi zvinosanganisira heme mapuroteni, chlorophylls uye flavoproteins.

Zvinoumba glycoproteins uye proteoglycans

mapuroteni Ava kunzwisisa zvinhu. Proteoglycans ane hombe chikamu makabhohaidhiretsi (80-85%), kwakajairika glycoprotein zviri 15-20%. Uronic acids varipo chete Morekuru proteoglycans, makabhohaidhiretsi zvisingapindirani dzavo dzose maumbirwo kudzokorora dzakabatana. Chii marongerwo uye kushanda zvakaoma mapuroteni, glycoproteins? Dzavo carbohydrate ngetani zvinosanganisira zviumbu 15 chete uye une kutadza yakarongeka. The carbohydrate Zvivako glycoproteins kutaura rokuti mapuroteni yemanyorero riri Via amino asidhi residues zvakadai naSerine kana asparagine.

Mashandiro anoita glycoproteins:

• Ko chikamu kwemabhakitiriya muchitokisi rusvingo, pfupa connective zvinyama uye shwashwa, collagen vakombe fibers pakati elastin.
• Play rwokudzivirira basa. Somuenzaniso, mamiriro iri antibodies, mainterferon, kweropa zvikonzero (prothrombin, fibrinogen).
• Ko receptors kuti anosangana chete effector - duku asiri mapuroteni Morekuru. Last, kujoina puroteni, zvinotungamirira vachinje waro conformation, iyo inotungamira chairo intracellular mhinduro.
• Kuita hormone basa. Rinoreva glycoprotein gonadotropin, thyroid-anotokonya kemikari uye adrenocorticotropic.
• Fuma zvifambiswe muropa uye ions mhiri sero Kamudzira (transferrin, transcortin, sealbumin, Na +, K + -ATPase).

By glycoprotein makemikari zvinosanganisira cholinesterase uye nuclease.

More pamusoro proteoglycans

Yemanyorero proteoglycan kunzwisisa mapuroteni zvinosanganisira ayo mamiriro guru carbohydrate cheni kudzokorora disaccharide residues ina uronic asidhi uye aminosugar. Oligo- kana polysaccharide ngetani dzinonzi glycans. Wokutanga Kazhinji ane 2-10 monomer dzakabatana.

Zvichienderana nemamiriro carbohydrate ngetani secrete mhando dzavo dzakasiyana, semuenzaniso, acidic heteropolysaccharides yakawanda acidic mapoka kana glycosaminoglycan ine amino mapoka. Ekupedzisira dzinosanganisira:

• Hyaluronic acid, iro achishingaira kushandiswa zvizoro.
• Heparin, iyo kunotadzisa kweropa.
• Keratan sulfate - zvinoumba shwashwa uye cornea.
• Chondroitin sulfates Chikamu shwashwa uye synovial mvura.

Polymers izvi - proteoglycan zvinoriumba dzinozadza intercellular nzvimbo, vanorichengeta mvura, girisi chinjwa zvikamu mapfundo, ndiko dzavo STRUCTURAL zvinoriumba. Hydrophilicity (zvakanaka solubility mumvura) proteoglycans kunoita navo intercellular nzvimbo kuumba munhu chipingamupinyi chikuru mamorekuru uye zvigare. Uchibatsirwa ravo kuumba gelled chizvaro kupinda izvo anyatsofukidzwa fibers mamwe mapuroteni anokosha, akadai collagen. zvisungo vake proteoglycan ezvinhu vane muti chimiro.

Features uye mhando lipoproteins

Lipoprotein kunzwisisa mapuroteni ane tsime iziviswe hunyambiri hydrophilic uye hydrophobic hunhu. Chinoumba Morekuru (hydrophobic chikamu) kuumba asiri polar esters ose remafuta akawandisa uye triacylglycerides.

Kunze hydrophilic mapazi akaronga mapuroteni chikamu, phospholipids, remafuta akawandisa. Kune akasiyana inoverengeka lipoproteins mapuroteni zvichienderana maumbirwo yavo.

The makirasi zvikuru lipoproteins:

• Akaoma mukuru arambe achirema mapuroteni (HDL, α-lipoprotein). Runoita remafuta akawandisa kuti chiropa uye peripheral munyama.
• Low arambe achirema (LDL, β-lipoproteins). Kuwedzera remafuta akawandisa ari zvifambiswe triacylglycerides uye phospholipids.
• Very yakaderera arambe achirema (VLDL, pre-β-lipoprotein). Kuita basa rakafanana LDL.
• Chylomicrons (CM). Transports mafuta acids uye remafuta akawandisa kubva ura pashure chikafu yaunodya.

Vascular zvokurwara akadai arteriosclerosis, kunobva reshiyo zvisina kufanira rakasiyana-siyana lipoproteins muropa. By characterization of nziyo kunogona kuratidzwa akawanda kuitikawo phospholipids yakarongeka shanduko (kubva HDL kuti chylomicron): kuderedza kuwanda mapuroteni (80 kusvika 10%), uye phospholipids, triacylglycerides kubva muzana kuwedzera (20 kusvika 90%).

Pakati zvakawanda zvinokosha makemikari, metalloproteins

Metalloproteins zvingasanganisira vakawanda simbi ions. Kuvapo kwavo zvarinoita dzidziso yacho substrate iri basa (CATALYTIC) Nzvimbo enzayemu. Metal ions dziri mune basa nzvimbo uye basa rinokosha mune CATALYTIC zvakaitwa. naIon kazhinji anoita somunhu Erekitironi acceptor.

Mienzaniso nesimbi zviri maumbirwo metalloproteins enzayemu:

• Copper rwuripowo cytochrome oxidase, iyo, pamwe chete heme ine Ion nesimbi ichi. The enzayemu munyaya nokuumbwa ATP panguva kufema cheni.
• Iron dzine makemikari akadai ferritin, simbi anoita kuiisa basa muchitokisi; transferrin - mutakuri simbi muropa; catalase kuita basa neutralization rehydrogen peroxide.
• Zingi - simbi, izvo maitire nokuda doro rinobatanidzwa oxidation panyaya iyi uye alcohols zvakafanana; lactate dehydrogenase - imwe enzayemu iri muviri pamusoro lactic asidhi; carbonic anhydrase iyo catalyzes paumbwe carbonic asidhi kubva CO ₂ uye H ₂ O; alkaline phosphatase, anoita hydrolytic cleavage kuti phosphate esters vane siyana yeimwe; α2-macroglobulin - antiproteazny ropa mapuroteni.
• Selenium mutezo thyroperoxidase pokuita paumbwe thyroid mahormone; glutathione peroxidase, kuita sechinhu antioxidant ushande.
• Karusiyamu maitire nokuda maumbirwo α-amylase - hydrolytic enzayemu cleavage starch.

phosphoprotein

Kuti chikamu zvakaoma mapuroteni phosphoprotein? Nokuti muchikwata ichi dzinoratidzwa pamberi phosphate boka, iyo kwakabatana puroteni moiety Via imwe amino asidhi ane hydroxyl boka (tyrosine, naSerine kana threonine). Ko phosphoric acid, apo ari sechivako puroteni? It Zvinochinjawo samolecular mamiriro, achichipa murairo, inowedzera solubility, kunokanganisa ehupfumi ari puroteni. Mienzaniso ndivo phosphoprotein casein uye zai sealbumin mukaka, asi kunyanya muchikwata kwemapurotini kunzwisisa zviri makemikari.

Phosphate boka unokosha dzichipfekeka basa, sezvo mapuroteni zhinji chokuita nayo hakusi kwechigarire. Munguva keji dzose nguva kurongedza phosphorylation uye dephosphorylation kuitika. Somugumisiro, murau rinoitwa munyika mapurotini. Somuenzaniso, kana ari histones - mapuroteni chokuita nucleic acids unobuda muna phosphorylated mamiriro, ipapo basa genome (majini zvinhu) inowedzera. By phosphorylation kunoenderana nebasa makemikari akadai glycogen synthase uye glycogen phosphorylase.

nucleoprotein

Nucleoproteins - mapuroteni chokuita nucleic acids. Ndivo - chinokosha kuchengetera uye mitemo yokugara zvinhu, basa ribosomes, kuita mashandiro mapuroteni usage. Nyore chimiro utachiona upenyu anganzi ribo- uye dezoksiribonukleoproteinami, sezvo ine magene zvokunyama uye mapurotini.

Sezvo kukurukurirana pamusoro deoxyribonucleic asidhi (DNA) uye histone? In chromatin oga maviri siyana mapuroteni chokuita DNA (histone uye asiri histone). Danho rokutanga munyaya kutanga compaction kuti DNA. nucleic iine acid Morekuru iri vakamonyanisa kumativi mapuroteni kuumbika nucleosomes. The akaumba shinda hwakafanana marozari, vari aumba supercoiled marongerwo (chromatin fibril) uye supercoil (genonema interphase). By kuitwa histone mapuroteni uye mapuroteni kuvakuru siyana zvinopa zvinoderedza DNA kukura kane zviuru. Zvakatikwanira kuenzanisa kukura chromosome uye nucleic iine acid urefu, kuongorora kukosha mapuroteni (6-9 masendimita uye 6.10 microns, ukuwo).

Ndezvipi chromoproteins

Chromoproteins ane mapoka-siyana chaizvo izvo zvakabatanidzwa chete nomumwe chinhu - kuvapo ruvara mune prosthetic zvinoriumba. Complex mapuroteni vari muchikwata ichi vari rakakamurwa: hemoproteins (ane heme mamiriro) retinalproteiny (vhitamini A), flavoproteins (vhitamini B2), kobamidproteiny (vhitamini B12).

Hemoproteins Classified maererano mabasa ari isiri enzymatic (mioglobinovy Chizenga uye mapuroteni) uye makemikari (cytochromes, catalases, peroxidases).

Flavoproteins ane sezvo prosthetic zvinoriumba nomukaka vhitamini B2, flavin mononucleotide (FMN) kana flavin adenine dinucleotide (kwechokwadi). makemikari izvi dzinoitawo redox transformations. Izvi zvinosanganisira oxidoreductases.

Chii cytochromes?

Sezvo akanga pamusoro apa, inoitwa heme porphyrin. mamiriro ayo ine mana pyrrole nezvindori, uye divalent simbi. A boka inokosha heme makemikari - cytochromes, akasiyana mune amino iine acid sezvamunoita uye uwandu peptide ngetani, specialized pakuita redox maitiro, nokuda iyo inopiwa Erekitironi kuchinjirwa mu ari kufema cheni. makemikari izvi zvinobatanidzwa munyaya microsomal oxidation - kutanga zvinoitwa xenobiotic biotransformation, zvichitungamirira Clearance kwavo uye muviri vazhinji endogenous uye exogenous zvinhu, zvakadai steroids, nomuti mafuta acids.

Effect prosthetic boka

Prosthetic boka, ndiro chikamu kunzwisisa mapuroteni kunokanganisa ehupfumi ayo: kuchinja atarisire yayo, solubility, thermoplasticity. Somuenzaniso, zvakadai chiito vane phosphoric asidhi residues kana monosaccharides. The carbohydrate mugove vaisanganisira vari kunzwisisa zviri puroteni, kudzivirira kubva proteolysis (ichaparadzwa hydrolysis) kunokanganisa kupinda pakati mamorekuru kuburikidza muchitokisi Kamudzira, avo secretion uye Sorting. The lipid moiety anobvumira puroteni kuumba mugero kuti chokufambisa ose havaratidzi mvura soluble (hydrophobic) yeimwe.

Marongerwo kushanda mapuroteni kunzwisisa zviri zvachose novimba prosthetic boka. Somuenzaniso, achishandisa heme simbi tubhokisi ari Chizenga okisijeni kunyorerana kunoitika uye carbon dioxide. Nokuda nucleoproteins inoumbwa nesungano pakati histones, protamines pamwe DNA kana RNA rikauya kudzivirira kuvabereki zvinhu, ayo chiine kuchengetwa, muitiro nokusungwa RNA mu mapuroteni usage. Nucleoproteins akadana akatsiga zvivako kwemapurotini uye nucleic acids.

mhedziso

Saka, mapuroteni kunzwisisa vane guru-siyana mashandiro pamuviri. Naizvozvo, kudyiwa macro- uye micronutrients saka zvakakosha utano. Metals tiri chikamu makemikari akawanda. Kuziva nemakemikari omuviri, kunyanya utano uye kwezvakatipoteredza mamiriro dzokugara, unogona kuchinja chimiro simba vayo. Somuenzaniso, nharaunda yoga, vaine kushayiwa chinhu ichocho. mamwe kupinda yake zvokudya muchimiro yokuvirisa inobvumira aripire kushayiwa.