Physical ehupfumi pamusoro acetic acid, kuti nzira

Munhuwo dzinodyiwa vhiniga bhodhoro, iyo inogona kuwanikwa mukicheni wose vemba yave akanyora mamwe acids uye mavhitaminzi akawanda. Chakawedzera peya chigadzirwa anodonhedza kupinda yakabikwa zvokudya, salads kukonzera njodzi kukaringa enhancement. Asi vashoma vedu wambonyatsofungisisa zvivako uye chechokwadi kukura kushandiswa chikuru chinoumba - acetic acid.

Chii zvinhu ichi?

Formula acetic iine acid _CH3COOH kuti akarirondedzera nokuwanda carboxylic mafuta acids. Kuvapo carboxyl boka (COOH) ibasa riri monobasic acid. The fuma yakawanikwa panyika isina makemikari muchimiro uye inotengwa zvokugadzirwa nevanhu murabhoritari. Acid ndiye nyore zvikuru, asi hapana zvisinganyanyi kukosha mumiririri vayo kwaasingasvikiri. Nyore soluble nemvura, hygroscopic.

ehupfumi zvokunyama acetic asidhi uye arambe achirema zvinosiyana pamwe tembiricha. At kamuri tembiricha 20 ° ^C asidhi vari mvura ezvinhu, ane arambe achirema pamusoro 1.05 g / masendimita ^3. Ine yakananga kunhuwa uye yakashapa kuravira. A mhinduro yacho fuma pasina yokuvirisa anoomesa uye yava crystals ari tembiricha pazasi 17 ° ^C. The kwacho kunotanga achibika acetic asidhi ari tembiricha pamusoro 117 ° ^C. Methyl boka (CH ₃₎ acetic asidhi kuti nzira iri kuwanikwa kuita kuti alcohols pamwe okisijeni: zvinhu uye zvinwiwa chinovira pakati makabhohaidhiretsi, souring waini.

A Nhoroondo shoma

Panovhurwa vhiniga aiva mumwe wokutanga munhevedzano asidhi uye zvakaitwa nezvishoma. Pakutanga, acetic asidhi akatanga kusvina nokuda DISTILLATION Arab nyanzvi rechi8 remakore. Zvisinei, muRoma yekare ine fuma zvinobva waini yakashapa raishandiswa senzira zvakasikwa mumuto. Zita chairo kubva muchiGiriki rinoreva "yakashapa". Muzana remakore rechi17 muEurope, masayendisiti vaikwanisa kusvina fuma yakaisvonaka fuma. Panguva iyoyo, vakatora nzira uye akawana kujairika kugona - acetic asidhi ari mhute wehurumende akanomutsa rwebhuruu womoto.

Up kusvikira remakore rechi19, masayendisiti akawana kuvapo acetic asidhi ari makemikari muchimiro chete - sezvo chikamu yeimwe uye munyu pamusoro esters. Senzira zvinomera uye zvibereko zvavo, maapuro, mazambiringa. Vanhu nemhuka, ziya excretion, bile. Nechekwokutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, masayendisiti Russian randomly abudisa acetaldehyde kubva zvakaitwa acetylene pamwe nemekiyuri oxide. Panguva ino, acetic iine acid kuparadzwa kuitira guru kuti dzokubudisa zvikuru paruchaitika chete zvokugadzirwa nevanhu pamusoro chihombe pamwero.

kugadzirwa Nzira

Kana chimiro wakachena acetic asidhi kana kuvapo nouipi zviri mhinduro It kunobva dzokubudisa nzira. Food acetic asidhi inotengwa biochemically panguva panyaya iyi chinovira. In indasitiri, nzira dzakawanda secrete asidhi dzokubudisa. Kazhinji, Maitiro vari achiperekedzwa matunhu tembiricha kuvapo catalysts:

• Methanol ari maitiro pamwe kabhoni (carbonylation).
• Okisijeni oxidation epetroleum zvikamu zviduku.
• Pyrolysis huni.
• Okisijeni oxidation kuti acetaldehyde.

Industrial muitiro kuti runziro uye mari nemakemikari. Nokuda muindasitiri muitiro, uwandu acetic iine acid kurimwa muna 20 ndipo uye 21 fung remakore kusvikira kakawanda ichienzaniswa remakore rechi19. Panguva ino, acetic asidhi kubudikidza carbonylation kuti methanol usage rinopa zvinopfuura 50% of anobudiswa vhoriyamu.

ehupfumi zvokunyama acetic asidhi wayo simba pamusoro chinoratidza

The acetic iine acid mvura iri Hauoneki. acidity ph 2,4 ari nyore zvinosimbiswa nemashoko litmus mapepa. Acetic asidhi uchikurukura pendi pamusoro chinoratidza iri dzvuku. ehupfumi zvokunyama acetic asidhi kuchinja nemaziso. Apo tembiricha anodonhedza pazasi 16 ^{° C,} nefuma anotora yakasimba chimiro uye afanane chiduku echando crystals. Zviri nyore soluble mumvura uye zvaanoita ane zvakawanda kunze rehydrogen sulfide zvokufembedzwa. Acetic asidhi akazoita zvachose Vhoriyamu Urume pamusoro dilution nemvura. Vakazvimiririra kutsanangura ehupfumi zvokunyama acetic acid, ayo ruvara uye magadzirirwo, zvamunoona zvinotevera mufananidzo.

The fuma iri dzakaparira panguva tembiricha wa455 ^{° C} ne kusunungurwa kupisa kusvika 876 KJ / mol. The matadza kurema ndiyo 60,05 g / mol. ehupfumi zvokunyama acetic asidhi sezvo electrolyte ari siyana simba. The dielectric chenguva iri 6.15 pa nzvimbo tembiricha. Pressure sezvo arambe achirema, - a shanduka chaiko pfuma acetic acid. Pamusangano kumanikidzwa 40 mm. HG. Art. uye tembiricha 42 ^{° C} kutanga kubika kwacho. Asi kare panguva kumanikidzwa 100 mm. HG. Art. Kubika kunoitika chete panguva 62 ^° C

mushonga ehupfumi

Zvaanoita vane simbi uye oxides fuma rinoratidza ayo acidic ehupfumi. Excellent Kuparadzwa kupfuura kunzwisisa yeimwe, asidhi siyana munyu vanonzi acetates :. Magnesium, kutungamirira, potassium, nezvimwewo PK kukosha asidhi ndiyo 4,75.

Munguva kudyidzana pamwe magasi kupinda vhiniga kuzvitsinhanisa maitiro , zvichiteverwa misha uye dzinoumba zvikuru kunzwisisa acids: chloroacetic, iodoacetic. Zvazvichanyungudutswa mvura, asidhi dissociates pamwe nokubudiswa acetate ions uye rehydrogen protons. The mwero dissociation ndiyo 0,4 muzana.

Physical uye namakemikari zvivako zviri acetic asidhi mamorekuru ari crystalline fomu Diamer kusika rehydrogen zvisungo. Uyewo, nzvimbo dzacho dziri zvakakodzera kusika zvimwe kunzwisisa mafuta acids, biosynthesis pamusoro steroids uye sterols.

rabhoritari bvunzo

Wanikidza acetic asidhi mune mhinduro inogona kuitwa Detective panyama ayo ehupfumi, akadai kwakanaka. Enough mhinduro wakaradzikwa rakasimba acid, iyo inotanga kubvisa vhiniga munyu pamwe kupatsanurwa kwayo mhute. By Murabhoritari DISTILLATION COONa CH ₃ uye H ₂ SO ₄ zvinogoneka kuwana acetic asidhi rakaoma chimiro.

Tinowana ruzivo kubva chikoro zvidzidzo muna kemisitiri kirasi 8. Zvinooneka ehupfumi zvinonyatsoratidza acetic iine acid rasstvoreniya namakemikari kuita. Zvakatikwanira kuwedzera imwe fuma iri mhinduro, mhangura oxide uye zvishoma kuchafadza nayo. The oxide yakanyauka chose, zvichiita rinokwanisa kucheneruka mhinduro.

nomukaka nevasori

Qualitative maitiro chete zvinogadzirisa zhinji chimiro: esters, amides uye munyu. Zvisinei, panguva pagadzirwe zvimwe zvinhu, zvinodiwa kuti zvivako zviri acetic asidhi mumuviri kumusoro. Inofanira nguva dzose kuva mukuru mwero nemukuparadzwa uye, naizvozvo, havana yechitatu-party tsvina.

Zvichienderana wevasungwa ari aqueous mhinduro kubva acetic asidhi govera zvinoverengeka nomukaka ayo. fuma wevasungwa anodarika 96% ane zita - glacial acetic acid. Acetic asidhi muna 70-80% anogona kutengwa pazvinowanikwa muzvitoro, apo ichanzi - vhiniga chaizvo. Vhiniga ane Kuwanda 3-9%.

Acetic asidhi uye upenyu hwezuva nezuva

Kuwedzera zvokudya features, acetic asidhi ane ehupfumi wandei chaiko iyo vanhu awana kushandisirwa muupenyu. A mhinduro imwe pasi pfungwa yamarudzi nyore kunobvisa Dombo kubva munyaya simbi, pamusoro Magirazi uye mahwindo. Kwaniso yekubata mwando unoitawo zvinobatsira. Vhiniga chinhu chakanaka anobvisa musty munhuhwi mumakamuri, anobvisa echitema kubva michero uye miriwo hembe.

Somugumisiro, midziyo zvokunyama acetic asidhi - kubvisa mafuta pachiso - inogona kushandiswa chevarwere mushonga uye cosmetology. A simba mhinduro nevhiniga akaitira bvudzi kuzvigadzirisa chivhenekere. The fuma rinoshandiswa chaizvo pakurapa chikosoro, kubviswa warts, uye cutaneous notumwe. Kuwedzera kushandiswa vhiniga ari Zvinoumba zvizorwa Achiputira kurwisa cellulite.

Kushandiswa iri zvaAtemisi

The munyu pamusoro yeimwe, uye zvimwe kunzwisisa zvinhu acetic asidhi anoita sechinhu chinokosha maatomu akafanana:

• Pharmaceutical indasitiri. Kusika: aspirin, akambozvishandisa kuuraya utachiona uye antibacterial mafuta, phenacetin.
• Kugadzirwa chakaita zvokugadzirwa fibers. Incombustible firimu, cellulose acetate.
• FOOD indasitiri. Vakabudirira Kuchengetedzwa, zvichiita mufushwa uye sauces, sezvo zvokudya chirungiso E260.
• Textile indasitiri. Akapa pamwe wemadhai.
• uye zvizoro pachako hanya zvinogadzirwa indasitiri. Anonhuhwirira, mumakenduru kunatsiridza ganda rifanane.
• Production mordants. Kushandiswa zvipembenene uye mordant masora.
• Kugadzira kubva varnishes. Technical zvokufembedzwa acetone kugadzirwa.

Gore negore acetic iine acid gadzira inowedzerwa. Parizvino, inzwi rayo munyika kunopfuura zviuru 400 matani pamwedzi. asidhi ari yaitakurwa yakasimba simbi matangi. Storage ari mapurasitiki mugaba mumaindasitiri zhinji nokuda yakakwirira mumuviri uye kwemakemikari basa acetic asidhi hakubvumidzwi kana chete nguva yakawanda.

chengetedzo

Acetic asidhi mukuru mumisasa ane mwero kuvesa rechitatu uye inongorira chepfu chiutsi. Zvinokurudzirwa kupfeka chaiyo Masiki uye zvimwe unodzivirira midziyo kana kushanda acid. Zvinouraya dose munhu muviri ne 20 Rine mamiririta. Panguva iyoyo pakati kusunungurwa fuma kupinda asidhi kunonyanya opisa mucosa, uye ipapo kunokanganisa nedzimwe nhengo. Muzviitiko zvakadaro vanoda pakarepo muchipatara.

Mushure neVadzidzi asidhi iri pachena ganda yakarumbidza pakarepo wosukurudzwa nemvura. Zvachero pisa asidhi kunogona kukonzera zvinyama necrosis, izvo zvinoda muchipatara.

dzinonakidza zvinhu

Masayendisiti Physiology akawana kuti munhu asina zvaida kugamuchirwa acetic asidhi - kuita pasina yokuvirisa zvokudya. Asi vanhu vane kusashivirira kuti acid, uyewo nomudumbu matambudziko, fuma contraindicated.

Acetic asidhi inoshandiswa Typography.

Fuma duku shoma rakawanikwa uchi, mabhanana uye gorosi.

Pashure kutonhora, acetic acid, uye zvinoshamisa azununguse tichikwanisa nayo, unogona kutarisa nokuomesa wake zvinoshamisa.

A duku Kuwanda acetic asidhi kunogona kuderedza marwadzo chiratidzo zvipembenene ikaruma uye Hutsvi hudiki.

Womuchato mune zvinogadzirwa zvokudya ane pasi zviri acetic asidhi kunoderedza padanho remafuta akawandisa mumuviri. The fuma iri zvakanaka nechokumusoro ropa shuga yomuropa vane chirwere cheshuga.

Kushandiswa mapuroteni uye carbohydrate chikafu pamwe shoma acetic asidhi kunowedzera dzavo digestibility muviri.

Kana chikafu iri wakawanda, chete wedzera kuti madonhwe mashomanana vhiniga kuti chechetere warasa kuvava.

pakupedzisira

Millennium kushandiswa acetic asidhi kwakaita kuti chokwadi kuti ayo zvivako mumuviri makemikari kuwana nzira dzavo panguva dzose dzoro. Mazana zvichibvira siyana, zviuru zvinhu zvinokosha, vanhu chiri kuitika nokuda iro. Zvinokosha kuziva zvose zviri acetic acid, zvakwakanakira uye kunaka zvinhu.

Usakanganwa nezvokubatsirwa, asi nguva dzose tinofanira kuyeuka chii kukuvadza kungaita kushandisa hanya yakakwirira Kuwanda acetic acid. In ngozi yacho, iye amire pedyo hydrochloric asidhi uye sulfuric acid. Nguva dzose yeuka kuchengeteka kana uchishandisa acid. Zvakanaka uye nokungwarira sanganisa musimboti mvura.