Chii shuga? Kuwana shuga uye ayo zvivako

Shuga iri mutauro wechiGiriki rinoreva "inotapira". Zvakasikwa, akawanda inowanikwa mune facial emichero michero, kusanganisira muto wemazambiringa, uye nei dzakakurumbira inonziwo "shuga waini".

History yakawanikwa

Shuga yakavhurwa pakutanga ari XIX remakore Chirungu chiremba, kemisiti uye muzivi William Prout. Kuzivikanwa nefuma vakawana pashure muna 1819 na Henri Brakkono akauvhomora kubva sawdust.

mumuviri ehupfumi

Shuga iri ane Hauoneki crystalline upfu inotapira kuravira. Zviri nyore soluble nemvura, kuramba sulfuric acid, zingi chloride uye Schweitzer kuti reagent.

samolecular mamiriro

Kufanana monosaccharides zvose, shuga iri heterofunctional remubatanidzwa (mu morekuru zvakawanda hydroxyl uye rimwe carboxyl boka). Kana carboxyl boka shuga iri aldehyde.

The vakawanda payakavakirwa C6H12O6 shuga. The mamorekuru venhumbi vane cyclic marongerwo uye vaviri spatial isomers yeAlpha uye Beta nezvimiro. In yakasimba hurumende chimiro chinokurira Alpha anenge 100%. In mhinduro, akatsiga zvikuru Beta chimiro (zvinotora anenge 60%). Shuga iri kuguma zvibereko hydrolysis uye poly- disaccharides, i.e. kugadzirwa shuga rikaitika zvikuru nhamba nyaya anopiwa nzira.

Kuwana fuma

Zvakasikwa shuga achiumbwa zvinomera pamusana photosynthesis. Funga maindasitiri uye rabhoritari nzira hwokubereka shuga. Murabhoritari, nefuma mugumisiro aldol condensation. In indasitiri, nzira rakajairika ndiko kubereka shuga kubva starch.

Starch - a polysaccharide, izvo monochasti uye shuga mamorekuru. Kureva kuwana zvinokosha anoora zviri polysaccharide iri monochasti. Sei izvi?

Kugadzirira starch shuga chinotanga yokuti starch anoiswa mukati mugaba remvura uye akamutsa (starch mukaka). Chimwe mudziyo nemvura vakauya mota. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kubika mvura inofanira kuva kaviri kupfuura starch mukaka. Kuti vawane shuga maitiro rakaitirwa kusvikira pakuguma, anowedzera kunodiwa. Muchiitiko ichi rinoshanda hydrochloric kana sulfuric acid. The akaverenga mari inowedzerwa tangi mvura iri kufashaira. Zvadaro zvishoma nezvishoma akadurura starch mukaka. In iyi, zvakakosha kuwana namatidza, kana zvose chete yakanga yakaumbwa, vanofanira kuramba Kubika kusvikira rakwo kunyangarika. Paavhareji, kubika anotora nehafu yeawa. Kuti vave nechokwadi kuti zvakazara hydrolyzed starch, zvakakodzera kuitisa Qualitative mhinduro. Ari yasarudzwa mharidzo iri awedzera ayodhini. Kana mvura inova yebhuruu ruvara, ipapo hydrolysis haasi zvikapera, uye kana zvava shava kana tsvuku-mashava, ipapo starch iri mhinduro hakusisipo. Asi ichi mhinduro hakusi chete kuti shuga, yakanga kugamuchira pamwe nokuva gombedzero, uye izvi zvinoreva kuti asidhi kuri kuitika. How kubvisa asidhi? Mhinduro iri nyore: achibatsirwa neutralize wakachena choko uye nenguvo dzakarukwa zvakanaka anopararira porcelain.

Neutralization ndakaongorora litmus bvunzo. Uyezve pane inonzwika apo kunoguma mhinduro. Iduku kwaizoita Hauoneki zvokunwa anofanira sasana. The crystals akaumba uye yedu yokupedzisira mugumisiro. Zvino funga kuwana shuga kubva starch (maitiro).

Chemical vari urongwa

mukana wokuti vanhu vanga iri kukurukurwa kuwana shuga zvenguva - maltose. Maltose - disaccharide zvinosanganisira maviri shuga mamorekuru. Rinonyatsoratidza kuti nzira kubudisa shuga kubva starch uye maltose iyeyo. Ndiko, tinogona kupa zvinotevera mukana wokuti vanhu vanga vari kosi yacho kuita.

Panopera vanofanira muchidimbu mamiriro zvakafanira kuwana shuga kubva starch ndiko kubudirira.

Prerequisites

• tiwedzere (hydrochloric asidhi kana sulfuric acid);
• tembiricha (kwete asingasviki 100 madhigirii);
• kumanikidzwa (mumhepo zvakakwana, asi kumanikidza kuwedzera Inowedzera).

Nzira iyi ndiyo nyore, pamwe mukuru zvibereko yokupedzisira chigadzirwa uye usingashandi simba rakawanda. Asi akanga asiri oga. Kugadzirira shuga ndiyo chete cellulose.

Kugadzirira cellulose

Musimboti zvichiitika zvinenge chose anoenderana yapfuura zvakaitwa.

Kunoratidza kugadzirwa shuga (payakavakirwa) kuti cellulose. Kutaura zvazviri, izvi zvakawanda yakaoma uye simba-nyanyisa. Saka, mushonga wacho akaita, ndiko dongo kubva huni indasitiri, anodzvinyirirwa kune chikamu ane PARTICIPLE saizi 1,1 - 1.6 mm. chigadzirwa iri kutanga kurapwa pamwe acetic acid, ipapo hydrogen peroxide, ipapo sulfuric asidhi ari tembiricha haana kudzika pane 110 madhigirii, uye doro reshiyo 5. The ya kwacho ichi maawa 3-5. Zvadaro, kwemaawa maviri kunosvika hydrolysis pamwe sulfuric asidhi pa nzvimbo tembiricha uye doro nhamba 4-5. Zvadaro rakasanganiswa nemvura uye inversion kwemaawa anenge mumwe nehafu.

Nzira dzekufambisa quantitative Kutsunga

Zvatakurukura zvose nzira kuwana shuga vanofanira kuongorora nzira quantification. Pane nguva apo muitiro inofanira kuita chete mhinduro ine shuga, i.e. mura kwemvura muitiro vawane crystals - okushamisira. The mubvunzo zvino inova sei kuona kuti pfungwa yacho fuma iri mhinduro. The vakawana kuwanda shuga iri inotoda kunoyerwa spectrophotometric, polarimetric uye chromatographic nzira. Pane zvakawanda chaiwo kutsunga nzira - enzayemu (via glucosidase enzayemu). Panyaya iyi count atova zvibereko kuitwa enzayemu ichi.

Kushandiswa shuga

In mushonga, shandisa shuga kudhaka (ichi kunogona kunge chikafu chepfu kana chirwere mabasa). Panyaya iyi, kuti shuga mhinduro dziri kupiwa nomutsinga chete dropper. Izvi zvinoreva kuti pane mishonga Shuga iri zvakasikwa antioxidant. Uyewo haisi diki basa fuma iyi kuridza kuonekwa uye zvokuongorora kuti chirwere cheshuga mellitus. Pano shuga anoita somunhu kunetseka bvunzo.

Yaigadzira zvokudya uye yokubikira shuga anopindura nzvimbo inokosha zvikuru. Oga, chinofanira kuva kuziva basa shuga iri waini, doro uye uye moonshining. Rinoreva nzira sokurambana panyaya iyi kuburikidza chinovira kuti shuga. Ngationei zvose izvi.

kuwana doro

Mabikirwo hwokubereka doro ane matanho maviri: chinovira uye DISTILLATION. Chinovira, akavapindurawo, achishandisa mabhakitiriya. The hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu yagara akatunhidzwa tsika tusingaoneki inokubvumirai kuwana kunonyanyisa doro zvibereko panguva yepasisa paakapera nguva. Muupenyu hwezuva nezuva tafura mbiriso kwakajairika rinogona kushandiswa maitiro mubatsiri.

Chokutanga, shuga rakasanganiswa nemvura. Mune mumwe mudziyo akatunhidzwa tusingaoneki kushandiswa. Zvadaro, vakawana mvura yabvongodzwa, chakazunguzirwa uye akaisa mugaba pamwe gasi nzira yokubudisa chubhu. chubhu ichi zvakabatana mumwe (U-zvakaumbwa). Pakati rechipiri chubhu uzere madota mvura. Mugumo chubhu rinovharwa ane rabha chimiso ane mhango girazi tsvimbo ane magumo wakavhomorwa.

mudziyo uyu anoiswa mukati thermostat panguva tembiricha kuti 25-27 madhigirii kwemazuva mana. The turbidity chubhu chichachengetwa pamwe madota mvura, zvichiratidza kuti sei nawo carbon dioxide. Kamwe carbon dioxide inobvisa hunoguma kumira kunze, kuti chinovira anogona kunzi sezvo apera. Izvi anoteverwa DISTILLATION danho. Murabhoritari akashandiswa DISTILLATION doro reflux - inopfuura mvura inotonhora, nokudaro kutonhora ari kuumbwa gasi uye tama nayo kuna Urume mano umo pamadziro wokunze.

Panguva iyi Urume iri kukwanisa kuti neshungu kusvika 85-90 inegumi. Saka achaita sasana doro, mvura haina kuunzwa mota.

A nomazviri chokuwana doro

Funga kuwana doro kubva shuga iri maitiro mukana wokuti vanhu vanga: C6H12O6 + 2CO2 = 2S2N5ON.

Saka, zvinogona kucherechedzwa kuti nomazviri panyaya iyi kurimwa kubva shuga iri nyore. Uyezve, inozivikanwa kuti vanhu kwemazana emakore akawanda, uye vakauya anenge pakukwana.

Kukosha shuga muupenyu hwomunhu

Saka, tine mumwe kunzwisisa nyaya iyi, ayo zvivako mumuviri uye nemakemikari, anoshandiswa minda maindasitiri akasiyana-siyana, tinogona kugumisa kuti shuga iri. Kuwana naye kubva polysaccharides, atova anopa kunzwisisa kuti, sezvo huru chezvinonhuwira shuga zvose, shuga kunokosha tsime simba nokuda kwevanhu. Somugumisiro, muviri mumwe nefuma wakaumba adenosine triphosphate, iyo vatendeuke kuva chairema simba.

Asi kwete yose shuga zvinopinda womunhu muviri iri simba replenishment. Munyaya wakasvinura hurumende murume anoita muzana chete 50 kunoguma shuga kupinda ATP. The zororo iri dzikwanise glycogen uye rinoungana iri chiropa. Glycogen rinoparadzwa pamusoro kwenguva, nokudaro yokudzora ropa shuga yomuropa. Quantitatively, zviri pafuma ichi pamuviri - zvakananga chokukomborerwa utano kwayo. On uwandu shuga muropa kunobva hormone kushanda zvose hurongwa. Naizvozvo, zvinokosha kuyeuka kuti kunyanyisa kushandisa pfuma kungaita kuti zvakakomba.

Shuga iri pakutanga kuaona nyore uye zvinzwisiswe nefuma yose. Kunyange Pakuurayiwa kemisitiri pakati mamorekuru ayo vane husina chimiro, uye makemikari zvivako zviri pachena uye nomuzikamwi muupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Asi, pasinei ichi, shuga kwakakosha zvose wacho uye kuti zvose zvaanoita muupenyu hwake.