Swedish kemisiti Nobel Alfred: Biography The chakatangwa Dynamite, muvambi Nobel Prize

Nobel Alfred - kunoshamisa musayendisiti Swedish, ivo vakatanga Dynamite, academician kemisiti experimenter, Ph.D., academician, muvambi Nobel Prize, zvakonzera kwaari mbiri yose.

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Alfred Nobel, ane Biography ari kufarira zvechokwadi vemazuva ano, akaberekwa muna Stockholm musi October 21, 1833. Akanga womunyika kumaodzanyemba dunhu iri Swedish vanhuwo zvavo Nobelef, waiva rinobva zita anozivikanwa munyika yose. Mumhuri, asi iye, aiva nevanakomana vatatu. Baba Immanuel Nobel aiva entrepreneur uyo, yashatiswa, akamboda kuedza mhanza yake Russia. Akatamira muna 1837 kusvika St. Petersburg, apo iye akavhura musangano. Pashure 5 years, zvinhu apo akaenda zvakanaka, akatamira kune mhuri yake yake.

The kuedza zviri Swedish kemisiti wokutanga

Kamwe muna Russia,-gore 9 okuberekwa Nobel Alfred akakurumidza pakugona mutauro wokuRussia, izvo mukuwedzera zvokutsetsenurwa Chirungu, wokuItaly, German uye French. Education mukomana pamba. Muna 1849, baba vake vakamuendesa kushanyira America uye Europe, urwo rwakatora makore maviri. Alfred akashanyira Italy, Denmark, Germany, France, America, asi kazhinji kacho pwere vakapedza muParis. Akatora inoshanda ine wefizikisi uye kemisitiri ari yakakurumbira musayendisiti Jules Peluso yezvirwere, havawanzoiti mafuta uye akazarura nitrites.

Zvichakadaro Immanuel Nobel yezvebhizimisi - unyanzvi muvambi wokuzvidzora akadzidzisa - vakanga kugadziridzwa: yokuRussia basa, akava mupfumi nevakakurumbira, kunyanya panguva Crimean War. fekitari vake vakabudisa zvimbambaira kuti zvaishandiswa kwokudzivirira Finnish nhare Sveaborg, Kronstadt uye vanotozvifarira chengarava muEstonia. Munorumbidzirweiko Nobel Sr. akakurudzirwa nokuda paakaenda menduru, iyo, sezvo mutemo, vatorwa havana paakavapa.

Pashure pehondo, vakadzivira mirairo, kambani vakamira simbe, vashandi vakawanda kubva basa. Izvi ndikapisira zvinofambidzana Immanuel Nobel musana kuna Stockholm.

The kuedza kutanga Alfreda Nobelya

Alfred, akanga chokuita akakurumbira Russian kemisiti Nikolaem Zininym, Zvichakadai, kunzwisisa adzidze zvivako zviri nitroglycerin. Muna 1863, jaya vakadzokera Sweden, apo akaramba kuedza ake. September 3, 1864 pakava njodzi yakaipisisa; panguva kuedza ari kuputika 100 makirogiramu kuti nitroglycerine anoverengeka vanhu vakaurayiwa, pakati pavo Emil-makore 20 - Alfred munin'ina. Mushure chiitiko, baba Alfred vake mitezo, uye okupedzisira 8 apfuura, akaramba akangorara. Panguva iyi, Imanueri akaramba vachishingairira: I akanyora mabhuku 3, uko akaita mifananidzo. Muna 1870, zvakanga kukuchidzirwa mubvunzo kushandisa tsvina huni maindasitiri, uye Nobel Sr. tega plywood, kuumba nzira gluing kushandisa peya emapuranga kwamahwendefa.

Nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa Dynamite

October 14, 1864 musayendisiti Swedish akatora bvumidzwa hwakamubvumira kuita zvaAtemisi zvinoputika, hwaisanganisira raiva nitroglycerin. Alfred Nobel akazogadzira Dynamite muna 1867; Kugadzirwa raro musayendisiti yemberi vakauya chikuru upfumi. Nhau iyoyo akanyora kuti yake zvakawanikwa nokuda Swedish kemisiti netsaona: kana ari mubishi chokufambisa worutsanga nehomo nitroglycerin. It ikatevuka emura, yanyatisa ivhu, zvichiguma imwe Dynamite. Alfred Nobel vakasaziva pamusoro shanduro, uye akaramba kuti nokungwaririra mubasa kutsvaka zvinhu kuti kana hwakakanyiwa nitroglycerin kuti yekuzvidzivirira kuputika. The aida convert vakava diatomaceous pasi - dombo, anonziwo Tripoli.

Laboratory nokuti pagadzirwe Dynamite kemisiti Swedish wakarongwa pakati nyanza pamusoro chikepe, kure munzvimbo nevakabva.

Mwedzi miviri pakutanga-up of zvinoyangarara murabhoritari tete Alfred kwakaita ndokumuisa mutengesi kubva Stockholm Johan Vilgelmom Smitom - Muridzi miriyoni pfuma. Nobel akakwanisa vabvume Smith uye mamwe makambani akawanda kubatana uye dzinoumba kambani kuti maindasitiri kugadzirwa nitroglycerine, yakatanga muna 1865. Achiziva kuti bvumidzwa Swedish haadziviriri kodzero dzavo kunze, Nobel patented varidzi kodzero kugadzira nitroglycerin uye akazvitengesa munyika.

The okuzarura Alfreda Nobelya

Muna 1876, nyika nezve itsva michina yacho musayendisiti - "panhamo" - remubatanidzwa wenyika nitroglycerin pamwe collodion, ane simba explosiveness. Tevera makore vapfumi zvakawanwa nitroglycerin akabatana zvimwe zvinhu: ballistite - wokutanga isina chiutsi gunpowder, ipapo namabote.

Nobel zvido vaisava chete basa pamwe putika zvinhu: musayendisiti kufarira optics, electrochemistry, mushonga, zvipenyu, zvakagadzirirwa kuwana boilers uye otomatiki mabhureki, kuedza kubereka chakagadzirwa rabha, nitrocellulose uye vakadzidza kubata nesirika. Pane patents anenge 350, izvo vakazivisa kodzero Alfred Nobel: Dynamite, Detonator, isina chiutsi upfu, imwe mvura meter, mumwe kutonhora mudziyo, mumwe chaicho, munhu revarwi chombo kuvaka, gasi burner,

unhu musayendisiti

Nobel Alfred aiva mumwe wevarume vakadzidza zvikuru nguva yake. The musayendisiti verenga zvakawanda mabhuku engineering, mushonga, uzivi, nhoroondo, ingano, achisarudza vaairarama: Hugo, Turgenev, Balzac uye Maupassant, kunyange akaedza kunyora. Unorema mabasa Alfred Nobel (enganonyorwa, mitambo, nhetembo) uye harina rakabudiswa. Vakapona chete kutamba pamusoro Beatrice Cenci - "Nemizida" kupedzisa kare kufa. Izvi idambudziko muna 4 mabasa wazvakataura pamwe noruvengo pedyo vemachechi. Saka, zvose zviri rakabudiswa edition, kusunungurwa chiedza muna 1896, pashure pokufa Alfred Nobel vaparadzwa kunze maBhaibheri matatu. Nyika yakanga mukana tinyatsoziva ichi chigadzirwa chinoshamisa muna 2005; Rakanga muchinangwa kuyeuka musayendisiti mukuru panguva Stockholm Wokuzvarwa.

Vomunguva tsanangura Alfred Nobel somunhu surly murume, uyo akasarudza madhorobha kumhanya-mhanya, uye kufara boka akanyarara ushoma uye kugara mumvura basa. Scientist akatungamirira kuva nemararamiro ane utano, mafungiro kuti kusvuta, doro uye kubhejera.

Sezvo zvakakwana yakasimbiswa, Nobel kutsutsa kutarisirwa akananga Spartan mararamiro. Kushanda putika wemisanganiswa uye zvinhu, iye aipikisa mhirizhonga uye umhondi, akatakura chaizvo basa nokuda norugare nyika.

Zvigadzirwa Yorugare

Pakutanga akatanga nokuda Swedish kemisiti zvinoputika zvaishandiswa zvinangwa murunyararo nekuti kuvaka migwagwa uye njanji, migodhi, kuvakwa nemigero uye tunnels (kushandisa nenyunje). The Nobel zvinoputika zvinangwa zvechiuto akatanga kushandiswa chete muna Franco-Prussian Hondo 1870-1871. The musayendisiti aida wekuvamba imwe pfuma kana muchina kuti aiva simba rokuparadza, itai zvose zvemarudzi hondo hazviiti. Nobel akabhadhara congresses chose runyararo munyika, uye akatora chikamu maari. Aiva nhengo Paris Society of Civil Engineers, ari Swedish Academy of Sciences, Royal Society of London. Ndaiva mibayiro yakawanda, iyo anosanganisira hanya chaizvo.

Alfred Nobel: rudo upenyu

The muvambi huru - anokwezva murume - akanga kumboroorwa uye akanga asina vana. Closed, kusurukirwa, kufungira vanhu, akasarudza kuwana mubatsiri munyori uye akaisa mupepanhau chiziviso. -Makore 33 akapindura Contessa Berta Sofia Felichita - kuumbwa, vakadzidza zvakanaka, mukadzi mitauro yaiva Bespridannitsa. Akanyora Nobel, vakagamuchira mhinduro yake; imwe tsamba zvakakonzera yakawiriranwa tsitsi kumativi ose. Nokukurumidza paiva musangano Albert uye Bertha; vechiduku vakawanda vanofamba, kutaura, uye ari kutaura Nobel Bertha vakauya mufaro mukuru. Nokukurumidza Albert akanga kure bhizimisi, uye Bertha vakasagona kumumirira, uye akadzokera kumba, uko akanga akamirira Graf Artur of Suttner - tsitsi uye rudo hwake, izvo iye akatanga mhuri. Pasinei chokwadi kuti Bertha kuenda nokuda Alfred akava raparadza hombe, uye tsamba dzavainyorerana inodziya noushamwari mberi kusvikira pakuguma Nobel mazuva.

Alfred Nobel uye Sofi Gess

Asi, muupenyu Alfred Nobel akanga rudo. The-gore 43 musayendisiti yekare kudanana-makore 20 Sofi Gess - mushambadzi kuti ruva chitoro, izvozvo akabva Vienna kuParis, vakahaya mufurati inotevera kumba uye anobvumira kuti kupedza sezvo iye zvinomufadza. Sophie aifarira mari chete. Beautiful uye ichiyevedza "Madame Nobel" (sezvazvakanyorwa kunzi akazvisvibisa) zvinosuruvarisa ane usimbe pasina dzidzo chinhu chinokosha. Akaramba kuita nevadzidzisi, izvo iye vakaripira Nobel.

Communication musayendisiti uye Sofi Gess kwakatora makore 15, kusvikira 1891 - nguva apo Sophie akabereka mwana kubva Hungarian mukuru. Alfred Nobel vakagovana murugare neshamwari muduku, uye kunyange vakagadzwa yake yekutenga chaizvo kugutsikana. Sophie akaroora baba vake mwanasikana, asi nguva dzose akatambudza Alfred nekukumbirira kugutsikana kunowedzera, pashure porufu rwake rwakanga yokusimbirira payo, kutyisidzira kana pokuramba kubudisa tsamba yake yepedyo. Executors, uyo asingadi zita wechikoro yavo ruffled mapepanhau, zvichemo: vaitenga Sophie tsamba uye neteregiramu Nobel uye kwakawedzera wake rendi.

Kubvira pauduku, Nobel Alfred akanga vaine utano murombo uye nguva dzose kurwara; mumakore achangopfuura iye akatambudzwa nezvinotirwadza. Chiremba nitroglycerin musayendisiti - ezvinhu ichi (a mhando kwendyaringo) varambe vachifara Alfred, uyo akatsaurira upenyu hwake kuna kushanda pamwe fuma. Alfred Nobel umer10 December 1896 zvomuVilla rake San Remo kubva uropi chokubuda. Pamarinda musayendisiti mukuru iri Stockholm kuti kumakuva.

Alfred Nobel vake mubairo

Kuumba Dynamite Nobel kuona kushandiswa kwayo kubatsira kukura mberi kwevanhu, hondo kwete kuzviuraya. Asi kutambudzwa akatanga pamusoro zvakawanwa zvakadaro ngozi yaisunda Nobel pfungwa kuti zvakakosha kusiya mumwe, zvikuru tsoka. Nokudaro, muvambi Swedish vakasarudza akamumutsira pashure porufu rwake chezita shoma akanyorwa 1895 kuda, maererano iyo iri zvikuru akasika mari anosiya unorema yacho ari mamiriro - kroons mamiriyoni 31. Mari oupfumi anofanira dzinounzwa pagore bonuses vanhu vakauya rapfuura gore, kubatsira mukuru pamusoro vanhu. Kufarira rakakamurwa 5 mativi uye chinangwa musayendisiti uyo akaita zvakawanikwa inokosha mumunda wekemisitiri wefizikisi, mabhuku, mushonga uye physiology, uye akaitawo rakakura kwerunyararo nerugare nyika.

Special anoda Alfreda Nobelya wakavhiringika kufungawo rupi vaida.

Award of Alfred Nobel Prize wokutanga akatora nzvimbo muna 1901: waiva yefizikisi rontgen Conrad nokuda Kuwanikwa kwake nemwaranzi vanotakura zita rake. Nobel mibayiro ndivo kupfuura nomukurumbira uye anokudza mibayiro dzakawanda, aiva rakakura riri kukura nyika sayenzi mabhuku.

Uyewo munhoroondo esayenzi Alfred Nobel, inova testamendi akarova masayendisiti akawanda nokuda kwavo rupo, akapinda sezvo akawana "Nobel" - makemikari Kufananidzira, ainzi mune kukudzwa kwake. Zita hunoshamisa musayendisiti ndiye Stockholm Physico-Technical Institute uye University of Dnepropetrovsk.