Forensics - forensic Sciences iri ...

Pfungwa kwemhosva kune nzvimbo inokosha zivo yesayenzi, izvo zvinoumba hwaro kurovedza nyanzvi kuti vaongorori uye vaongorori, vatongi uye Vachuchisi, operative tsvimbo uye nyanzvi, uyewo magweta. Chirango ichi anovandudza uye anovandudza nzira, zvinoreva uye nzira kuferefeta, kuonekwa uye kudzivirira nezviito zvisiri pamutemo.

Nyaya

The prerequisites nokuti kwaita kwemhosva rakava rinokosha kukura uye professionalization pamusoro mhosva kwakaitika muEurope muna yechipiri yezana remakore rechi19. Nzira, unyanzvi uye zvokushandisa kuongorora mhosva zvinhu kunge dzakatangwa iyoyo, akanga asina kudzidza chesayenzi zvakaoma. Panyaya iyi, pakurwisana zvose qualitatively uye quantitatively achinja mhosva haana kuuya zvinozoita.

Nhoroondo kwemhosva sechinhu nesayenzi kwakatanga mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19. Panguva iyi, masayendisiti Austria - purofesa wepayunivhesiti muPrague uye Graz Gansom Grossom - vakanga zvakanyatsorongwa inounganidzwa panguva kuferefeta kuti cognition. Vaivawo vokutanga basa iri forensics zvakanyorwa. Muna 1892, nyika akaona bhuku. Rainzi "Matungamirire forensic vaongorori sezvo kwegadziriro kwemhosva." basa iri, uye akaparidza kuzvarwa sayenzi itsva.

Hans Gross pachake ane ruzivo mune rwokutsvakurudza basa. Uyezve, aiziva zvinokosha sayenzi dzinongoitika uye vazhinji vaita microscopy uye mifananidzo. Mubhuku rake rinonzi, musayendisiti akaratidza pfungwa kwemhosva pacharo, zvirimo uye matambudziko akatarisana nawo. Gross akataurawo zvichiita uchitsvaka kuferefeta musayenzi uye michina midziyo uye vakava dzimwe nzira uye rwokutsvakurudza nzira.

History of kwemhosva muna Russia yakatanga chete remakore rechi20. Yaiva nguva yokutanga rakaitwa tsvakurudzo munharaunda iyi. Ndivo semabasa Bura kukanganisa kusango forensic kuongorora magwaro uye mifananidzo. Inoshamisa basa Lebedev panyaya fingerprinting uye Brazol uye Tregubova nokuda rwokutsvakurudza uye mhosva unyanzvi.

Kudiwa pamusoro kwaita kwemhosva

Utsotsi chakavapo nokuda zvinenge zvose munhoroondo yevanhu uye kwagara rinopisa nyaya kuti vanetsa voruzhinji. Pakazopera remakore rechi19. pane zvakanaka zvikonzero kuti kuwedzera kwenhamba mhosva zvinhu. zvekungofungira izvi zvinosanganisira kukura kwemaindasitiri, magariro evanhu, etc. Asi zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti hwakarongwa mhosva chero nyika inokura chete chiitiko kuti Vezvemitemo havagoni kusimuka kuti zviri pamutemo zvido vagari. Kuongorora zvisiri pamutemo yezvakaitwa nemapoka akadaro akaoma.

Pakazopera remakore rechi19. matsotsi vakabata itsva chokufambisa uye michina nzira. Kuferefeta nezvokukanganisa Mhosva navo kutanga kuti anyadzise kwemitemo vakuru. Izvi yaiitwa France, muna Germany, muEngland uye muUnited States. Ndokusaka hurumende dzakawanda kusarudza rakasikwa ruzivo indasitiri, anokwanisa kuramba idzva panyaya huri mhosva.

The chikuru mabasa ose forensic sayenzi

Basa, rakanyorwa Gross, akapa mumaoko nyanzvi uye vaongorori kuedzwa tsika uye uchapupu anotsanangura nzira, unyanzvi uye achishandisa kuburitsa, uyewo kudzivirira akaoma zvikuru mhosva. Tinogona kutaura kuti forensic sayenzi - kurangwa chokuita pamutemo nezviito mashandiro mitemo. Inoongorora sei kuwana zvinhu zvakafanira mashoko pamusoro mhosva uye chikamu. tsvakurudzo kwemhosva anosimbisa nyaya mitemo, kushandiswa uye kuongorora uchapupu.

Forensics - a sainzi pamutemo. Asi panguva imwecheteyo iye akashandisa zvisikwa. General mabasa ose criminalistics - kuunza mabasa kwemitemo yose pachiyero pfungwa yesayenzi, kushongedzera kuti vashande pamwe zvikuru ano nzira, zvinoreva uye unyanzvi kutsvaga zvishande basa. Zvose izvi zvakafanira kuti awane chinangwa chikuru - yokugadzirisa mhosva.

Pakurwisa nezviito pamutemo Nde basa sayenzi iri mubvunzo. Zvisinei, zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti kwemhosva - haisi shamwari yacho mutongi kana dzendege. It ibhuku rakapiwa kwavari ake, nokubvumira kusimbisa chokwadi.

Special mabasa ose criminalistics pamusoro mberi pakudzidza chinangwa mitemo zvinoumba hwaro inyaya chirango ichi. Idzi dzinosanganisira:

- Development kuti dzidziso sehwaro nzira uye achishandisa nezvakatongwa kuferefeta, uyewo kudzivirira zviito pamutemo;
- uvandudze kuti zviripo uye kuvandudzwa itsva unyanzvi maturusi mirayiridzo uye zvidobi kuunganidzwa pakutsvakurudza zvinhu, kuongorora uye kushandisa uchapupu;
- chidzidzo uye nokushandisa dzimwe ruzivo mune vatevedzere mutemo.

The Implementation kuti vakawanda uye yakananga mabasa ose criminalistics runobvira chete pashure chaizvo nyaya dzakamutswa pane imwe yemagwaro. Inzwi ravo zvakasiyana. Uye kurapa matambudziko chaiwo haagoni chete kwemhosva dzidziso. Ivo kukurukura dzimwe nzvimbo ruzivo, asiwo chigadzirwa nesayenzi.

Kukura kwemhosva akapa mabviro kuti kwaita chaiwo mirayiridzo. Pane imwe nguva paiva nzira Kuziviswa uye kuba paruzhinji pfuma wenyika, pamusoro kushandisa wefizikisi nzira kugadzirisa mhosva, etc.

Panguva ino padariro kukura kwemhosva, panewo zvakananga mabasa, pamwe hunobatsira kugutsikana. Inesungano zvinotevera:

- kuwedzera kukura kwebasa date kufunga uye zvepfungwa, izvo zvinoshandiswa forensics;
- kushandisa cybernetics kubudirira;
- kukura pakutsvakurudza mibvunzo zvinhu kupfuura kuongorora;
- nzira pave zvinokonzera uye zvinhu akonzera kuti basa mhosva mabasa.

Pakati dzakananga mabasa ose forensic nesayenzi panguva ino padariro kwayo pakukura ndiyo shanduro yose ezvinhu yaivapo nzira, uyewo kupatsanura nzira vanopara mhosva, kushandiswa mune kuferefeta shamisika chinhu, etc.

sainzi hurongwa

chirango chero munhu wose akagadzirwa zvikamu vane womukati dzinongoitika kubatana. forensics maitiro zvinosanganisira muzvikamu zvina. Pakati pavo pane zvinotevera:

- methodological (yokungotaura) framework;
- michini forensic hunhu;
- forensic nzira;
- nzira chokuita kuferefeta nezvokukanganisa mamwe mabasa asiri pamutemo.

Kana chikamu chekutanga ezvinhu kwemhosva, zviri kutaridza yokungotaura pfungwa, zvinotaurwa nevazivi uye Mapato kukurukurirana uye nzira chirango. Chikamu ichi nesayenzi kunosanganisira pfungwa vanoumba pfungwa zvinangwa uye nenyaya kurayirirwa, mitemo yayo kukura, uye nzvimbo kwayo inoremekedzwa pasango ruzivo yesayenzi. Muchikamu ichi panewo private dzidziso. Vanoratidza mugumisiro nokuziva chinangwa mitemo zvinhu zvinokosha kuti pave nzira, unyanzvi, nematurusi uye kutevedzera. Ivo zvinoshandiswa pakurwisa mhosva.

Chechipiri chikamu forensics kudzidza avo mapatani kuti muri chinodiwa kuti paumbwe zvinhu zvisaririra kusiiwa matsotsi. Pahwaro ruzivo urwu akaita kukura nzira, zvinoreva uye nzira kuti vasabatwa, kubviswa, uyewo rokutanga kudzidza izvi zvinhu.

forensics maitiro maonero akadaro chinhu ave nzira. Ndiro bazi rechitatu nesayenzi, izvo zvinoreva mufananidzo kuwanika hutachiwana uye Kuchengetedzwa yakanaka zvisaririra tsotsi. uyewo anoongorora zvepfungwa pakukurukurirana uye ukama pakati vanhu vaibatanidzwa munyaya rokutanga kuongorora. On hwaro ichi, uye yakabereka zvinoverengeka dzinoshanda nzira inoita kuti ive ine rwokutsvakurudza nezviito pasi roMutemo Criminal Procedure.

Chikamu chokupedzisira, izvo zvinosanganisira forensics - a nzira chokuita kuferefeta nezvokukanganisa mamwe mhosva. Chikamu ichi nesayenzi rinorondedzera zvigadziriswe uye nzira yokuita mamwe mabasa asiri pamutemo, pamwe chete zvisaririra vasara pashure nemutadzi chiitiko. Pahwaro ruzivo urwu dzakabudirira chinokosha algorithms (inokosha) kugadzirwa mumatanho ose kuongorora zvinhu zvemo ezvinhu.

zvikamu zvose kwemhosva organically zvakabatana. Uye wokutanga wavo ndiye masayendisiti hwaro mabikirwo, uye nzira, uye nzira kuti vari dzakabudirira chirango ichi.

Chii kudzidza kwemhosva?

Nyaya chirango ichi ndiyo mitemo mashandiro zvinoitwa zvisiri pamutemo, uyewo kuunganidzwa kumwe kutsvakurudza uye kunyatsoongorora uchapupu. Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira nzira uye nzira kuongorora uye kudzivirira mhosva mabasa.

chinhu akadaro sezvo chinhu kwemhosva, zviri kufanana nyaya yokudzidza chirango ichi. Inoitwa zvikamu zviviri. Wokutanga wavo - mabasa mhosva zvinhu. Wechipiri - basa masangano kwemitemo pachena uye kudzivirira malpractices.

The chinhu kwemhosva zvidzidzo kwete chete kurangwa. Riri munzvimbo nezvayo mudare nenhamba, vasaenderera mberi , etc. Zvisinei, mumwe nomumwe sayenzi izvi kudzidza izvi zvinhu, kuti vagadzirise zvinetso zvavo.

forensic kuzivikanwa

mhosva ose akaita munyika chaiyo. Nenzira isingadzivisiki, panzvimbo zviito pamutemo, pane makwara siyana iro kuferefeta zvinokosha kuona ukama vamwe nzvimbo kune ipa chiitiko. Uye pano anouya rubatsiro forensics. Kuziva imwe nzira yayo, kubvumira kudzidza imwe chinhu wayo kuva mhosva. Iye uchaisapo kubva dzakawanda dzakafanana zvinhu maro.

The vaongorori zvakare simuka zvidzidzo forensic kuzivikanwa. Ndivo mapato kuti vanobatanidzwa vasaenderera mberi. Pazvinhu izvi pane vaongorori uye vaongorori, nyanzvi uye vatongi, yevaifungidzirwa uye vakatambudzwa, etc. Mumwe nomumwe wavo anopedza dambudziko yokuzikanwa zvichienderana yayo Maitiro zvokudya uye bvumidzwa nomurayiro. Somuenzaniso, nyanzvi mune forensic sayenzi inogona kuona kuti chinhu kupondwa chombo. Chapupu vakaona akakuvadza vangazivikanwa nedare zvokunze chitarisiko kurangarira navo. Mumwe Environmental chinhu isu chokwadi yakawanda zvinhu uye zvivako.

Zvinhu zvisingapindirani chimiro uye kukura, ruvara uye akafanana, etc. Forensic kuzivikanwa kudzidza, kwete zvose zvinhu uye zvivako. Kunyanya nzira iyi inoshanda chete kune kwokunze zvechadenga chinhu anonyorwa panyaya dzakasiyana-siyana. Somuenzaniso, roughness imwe chipasa nesanhu zvinogona aikudzwa pamusoro akatema muti. Izvi zvinoshandawo zvinhu zvine munhu chitarisiko. Vari rairatidzwa pikicha kana iri kuyeuka chapupu.

Negadziriro masangano forensic muRussia

Wokutanga nyanzvi sangano munyika yedu yakatangwa St. Petersburg muna 1889. Its muvambi aiva gododd Bura. Nechekare muna 1892, akatanga kushanda forensic Photographic murabhoritari. It kwairatidzwa sezvakarayirwa Ministry of Justice. Zvishoma Papera, zvakafanana masangano akazarurwa mumaguta akawanda Russian. Vakanga kunokosha kwemitemo kuzviremera uye rinoshandiswa dzinotsanagura ruzivo runokosha. Kwakanga kuna makamuri pamusoro kuongororwa nesayenzi uye forensic, gare gare tinoshandurirwa Institute. Panopera Hondo Yenyika II, zvikoro izvi vakagamuchira zita idzva. Vakasvika pakuzivikanwa se forensic tsvakurudzo mumarabhoritari.

Muna 1944 vakatanga basa raro Central forensic murabhoritari. It rakarongwa neShumiro Justice of USSR. Gare gare, pahwaro hwayo Institute of kwemhosva akasikwa. Vakava Central Research Institute of forensic bvunzo. Hoyo nhasi. Zvino ndiwo Russian Federal Centre forensic pana RF Ministry of Justice. The hurongwa rinotungamirirwa inoshandiswa, nechepakati chikamu sezvakarayirwa mashanu, uye zvemarudzi uye emunharaunda mumarabhoritari.

Pane dzimwe masangano zvinoenderana nechipimo ichi. Somuenzaniso, masangano yomunyika zvakanangana masangano forensic vari kushanda pasi Ministry of Justice. Ndidzo dzinozoiswa pamusoro kunakisa forensic Center wavo Russian Ushumiri Affairs Internal. It akasikwa muna 1992 mu kuzviisa pasi kuti nzvimbo iyi ndivo forensic madhipatimendi nekupatsanurana, kuzvidzora uye murabhoritari.

Kushandiswa forensics mukufamba dare zvekufamba

ruzivo chaiwo dzesayenzi chemabasa mhosva okunze, uyewo basa kuzviziva, anoshandiswa kuona chokwadi mukuita nedzokutongwa. Kunyanya, forensic Sciences zvinopa mukana mimwe bvunzo. Uchibatsirwa kwayo kuzadza pakakoromorwa dzakaitwa munguva rokutanga kuferefeta.

Kutozosvikira munguva ichangopfuura, nokubudirira mune kwemhosva matare anoshandiswa sananga. Izvi kudzidzwa uye kunyatsoongorora zvinhu ari tsotsi nyaya, yakanga yaunganidzwa nokuda dzendege. Zvisinei, panguva imwe chete chete kupinda simba idzva reShanduro Code pakati Criminal Procedure, dare aiva nomukana zvechokwadi kuunganidza uchapupu. Vari vakawana munguva yakazvimirira rwokutsvakurudza kana zvimwe Maitiro zviito.

Imwe nzira yokutaura huripo Makwanza chinhu rwokutsvakurudza kuedza. Kazhinji, ano forensic sayenzi anorishandisa kuti asimbise mashoko vakanga vakawana munguva rokuongorora, kuongorora, etc. Tsika uye dzidziso rwokutsvakurudza kuedza kare aishanda kuwanikwa zvesayenzi. nzira iyi, iyo iri kushandiswa nedare, anogona kupa inoshanda zvabuda. Kunoitawo kuti kuona mukana wokuti basa mhosva kunoiswa yomupomerwi. Somuenzaniso, kana aigona kubvisa kura zvinhu kuburikidza buri remba nzira yokubudisa, haana kuva unyanzvi inodiwa kuita zvisiri pamutemo mabasa, etc.

Uyezve, kuongorora zvinobudirira kubvisa yaivapo kuzvipokanidza. Ngatitii chapupu, akuvara kana mukwirirwi vanoramba vachiedza kudzivirira shanduro yake. Muchiitiko chino, anouya kubatsira mazvikokota uyo Anoongorora mumwe vanzwa zvokusarudza, yakavakirwa unyanzvi ruzivo. Zvikurukuru, izvi zvinogona kureva zvakaitika kudhumhana ane motokari kana apo mumwe vatyairi kwavowo rinotsanangura zvinokonzera tsaona.

Ongororo kuitwa mukufamba vasaenderera mberi, inzira ukama, ndiro kwegadziriro chaiyo zviito pakati vatongi mhosva, kuzvidzivirira zano, vaongorori, Vachuchisi, zvapupu nevamwe vechikamu vasaenderera mberi.

Stakeout murume mutongo vanofanira zvizere kururamiswa. Ndokusaka kumatare vanofanira kuongorora nyaya zvose kuti zvinoda ruzivo inokosha zvigadzirwa, sainzi, rwokugadzira, kana zvimwe minda yebasa. Migumisiro vakawana havana zvazvakanakira pamusoro dzimwe huripo. Vari pasi fanira kunyatsoongorora uye ongororo evatongi.

forensic ballistics

Imwe nyaya kudzidza mutemo vechikoro hazvo forensics. Hurukuro mukuranga ino sei negadziriro vasabatwa nzira, mashoko dzesayenzi, uyewo tsvakurudzo pamusoro nepfuti.

Nyaya ino ndiyo raora of iripo mashoko chaizvoizvo chokuita nyaya kuferefetwa. Zvinhu forensic Ballistics - gasi uye pfuti, vanovengwa rinotevera bara, uyewo zvombo uye yenhengo dzavo. The huru zvitarisirwa ndivo kuziva uye kuongorora chisarudzo chirwere uye kupatsanura nyaya.

Kutaurirana nevamwe sayenzi

Chirango hwapedyo nzira kwemhosva uye Vezvemitemo, iri pedyo zvikuru munzvimbo chokuita vasaenderera mutemo yatinofema. Kwakadaro kudzidza utsotsi yokurera, uyewo kuva private uye zvakajairika nzira kurwisa nayo, uyewo kwemhosva. Maererano anoranga hurukuro inofanira hazvo kuteerera mutemo vadzidzi. sayenzi izvi zvinosanganisira mhosva mutemo uye kwemhosva, mutemo mujeri uye tsotsi muitiro, mhosva nhamba uye dzidziso operative uye rwokutsvakurudza mabasa. Chikamu ichi zvinosanganisira wepfungwa uye mushonga forensic, uye zvepfungwa.

Most zvakabatana nemutadzi forensics ndiyo muitiro. Pakutanga, anoranga maviri aya ane chinangwa zvakafanana uye zvinhu kudzidza.

Forensics yakatanga uye akabata danho rokuumba kufanana kwacho mhosva. Chete kusvika kwaro budiriro chakava yakazvimirira sayenzi pamutemo. Criminal nzira ine raidudzwa normative hunhu. It inorondedzera zvinhu pasi dzinoshandisa forensic dzave kuti kushumira kugadzirisa mhosva pamwe kuti kumatare. Criminal zvekufamba zvinoratidza mitemo nzira kuti atore nzvimbo panguva kuferefeta.

Tools, mitemo unyanzvi yakataurwa forensics, zvainanga pave chokwadi. Uye izvi zvose zviri yechinangwa mhosva nzira zvinodiwa.

It ane ukama hwepedyo nomumwe forensics nesayenzi. Hazvina mutemo mhosva. Criminological Dzidziso pamusoro mashandiro kupara pamutemo zviito uye kuongorora unyanzvi vari yakaumbwa pachishandiswa zivo repamutemo. Pashure pezvose, pamberi kuferefeta zvakakosha kuziva zvayo zvinhu chaizvo zvechiratidzo chacho constituent okunze. Musava akadaro sainzi sezvo forensics, vakawanda mitemo zviri Criminal Code, Aisagona kushanda nemhaka yokushayiwa kuongorora nzira.