Siyana - iri zvipenyu zviri? mienzaniso siyana

Siyana mu zvipenyu - chii? Mune zvimwe zviitiko, vagari vanogara mukudyidzana nezvimwe zvisikwa siyana peripheral runyararo anogona wokuchitora vakasiyana nevamwe vakawanda, kunyanya apo kunounza siyana kwemarudzi ezvinhu. Genetic siyana - zviri zvipenyu kwacho umo maviri kana kupfuura nevanhu kuti amadzitateguru kwemarudzi vakazvimiririra kuunganidza nemagene kuchinja (kunotouraya) kuitira kuti pave anogona kurarama vana. Genetic kusiyana pakati yakashatiswa mumufambiro vanhu dzingasanganisira kunotouraya kuti murege kukanganisa phenotype, uyewo kwakaguma nokukomborerwa morphological uye vasiri kuchinja.

nemagene siyana

Pachiyero samolecular genetics siyana mu zvipenyu - ndiro majini kuchinja kuti zvinoitika somugumisiro speciation. Zvisinei, vaongorori vanoti Kungangova kuti chiitiko ichi chakanga nokuda chinokosha chete-kure uye hune kunotouraya ari majini locus. Kana zvichibvira, kuno- izvi aisagona kune zvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi. Somugumisiro, kazhinji ndiyo inopindirana pachake dzokubereka nevamwe, inova mugumisiro vakawanda kunotouraya duku panguva shanduka.

yakashatiswa mumufambiro shanduka

Maererano nedzidziso yemhindumupindu, kuti kusiyana uku kunoita mu zvipenyu - ari hama chakajairika umo vanhu izvi pakutanga -wedzera musiyano iri nedanho shanduka kukura, uye zvishoma kuwedzera kuri kuva. Izvi inonziwo iri "musiyano" akarondedzerwa mu "The Origin of Species" (1859). Before Darwin mitsetse zhinji kubva nechepakati okuyerera norudzi dzemarudzi akarondedzerwa Alfred Russel Wallace muna 1858 gore. Maererano netsika dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka, kuti kusiyana uku kunoita kunoita zvinangwa zvikuru zviviri:

• Kunoitawo muviri ichi mhando anenge dzakachinja muchimiro nokushandisa niches matsva zvoutachiona.
• Izvi kuwedzera kusiyana kunowedzera adaptive anokwanisa wechidiki chizvarwa dzakasiyana-siyana nzvimbo.

zvekungofungira ava evasingatombonamati tsvagai, sezvo kuedza kwavo kwakaratidza zvakaoma chaizvo uye kwakaoma zvisingaiti.

samolecular siyana

Chii mune mashoko ezvinhu zvipenyu? chikamu ichi nucleotides zvakasiyana pakati pavo maviri DNA zvikamu. Kunogona kuchinja chikamu amino acids pakati polypeptides maviri. Shoko rokuti "siyana" rinoshandiswa chechinyorwa ichi sezvo pane kubvuma kuti mamorekuru maviri vari zvizvarwa mumwe mubereki Morekuru. Mukuita yemhindumupindu iri vakachengeta kwete chete musiyano asiwo confluence zviitiko, zvakadai hybridization uye zvido zvevanhu chinja. Uye zviitiko zvakadaro kuitika zvikuru kakawanda. Molecular zvigadziriswe pakati shanduka siyana yokugara zvinhu zvinosanganisira nucleotide vokutsiva, deletions, insertions, chromosomal recombination, transposition uye inversion, kuburitsa mufananidzo, kutendeuka uye zvido zvevanhu Gene chinja. Kuwanda nucleotide vokutsiva uri nyore uye anobatsira nechiyero mwero siyana pakati sequences maviri. Kutaura zvazviri, pane nzira dzakawanda dziripo kufungidzira kuwanda nucleotide vokutsiva uye kuvakwa muti phylogenetic kuti anoratidza nzira kusiyana nedanho shanduka.

analogue of convergence

Siyana mu zvipenyu - chinhu analogue pamusoro shanduka convergence, panguva iyo Utachiona namadzibaba dissimilar yafanana nokuda dzinongoitika vakasarudzwa. Somuenzaniso, nhunzi uye shiri kunge wakashanduka-shanduka kuti zvakafanana pakuti vane mapapiro uye inogona kubhururuka, kunyange madzibaba avo flightless vakanga zvakasiyana chaizvo. Kutaura zvazviri, izvi zviviri ndezvaJehovha mhando dzakasiyana zvoutachiona. Siyana mu zvipenyu - chinhu shanduka chiitiko umo makanga maviri morphological kana samolecular unhu kubva kuzitateguru. Izvi zvinhu dzaimbova kufanana, asi vava heterogeneous mukufamba shanduka. Kana siyana anofanira kuva mumwe dhigirii kufananidzwa pakati zviviri zviri kusunda nokufungidzira kuti paiva tateguru. Nokuti convergence nekusiyana, panofanira kuva mumwe dissimilarity, sezvo zvimwe vakanga kuzvitendero kubva zvachose akazvimirira madzitateguru. Saka, kusiyana siyana uye convergence vanonetsa kuisa.

Siyana mu zvipenyu mifananidzo

Yakashatiswa mumufambiro Evolution (Lat divergentia -. Siyana) Kazhinji nemhaka diffusion zvakafanana mhando dzakasiyana runyararo uye yoga. Mienzaniso inosanganisira zvinotevera: ruzhinji venyama pasi pano vane okumusoro makumbo vanhu uye primates - ruoko mu vertebrates - netsoka dzakapfava shiri - wamapapiro, hove - the zvimbi uye zvichingodaro. nhengo dzose idzi anoshandiswa zvipenyu munzira dzakawanda, asi avo akavamba zvakafanana. The siyana anogona kuitika chero boka chokuita zvipenyu. The zvikuru uwandu kusiyana, zvikuru kuenderana. Uye mienzaniso yakadaro zvakasikwa, pane zvakasiyana-siyana, dzakadai gava. Kana zvayo tunogara musango, uye namakushe chemhuka imwe ruvara kunobatsira vachizviita pazvikara. Red gava anogara achinaya, apo "jasi dzvuku" unobatanidzwa pamwe yeko nzvimbo dzokuona. Mugwenga, kupisa kunoita kuti zviome kuti vakuchidzire, saka nzeve negava yava rakavapo kuti hombe kukura, saka kuti muviri akaora kubvisa zvakawandisa kupisa. Yairwirwa kukosha mune iyi vari kunyanya mamiriro ezvinhu nezvakatipoteredza siyana uye kuchinja zvinodiwa, pane masero kusiyana. Kana vaigara chete zvakatipoteredza, zvingangoita kuti vangadai vakava nenzira yakafanana. Yakashatiswa mumufambiro shanduka - ndiko kusimbisa majini napedyo.

The siyana zvakasikwa: mienzaniso

Evolution - neurongwa hwakashandiswa zvinenge kusanduka nenguva. The chikuru chinhu ndechokuti izvi zvose anononoka chaizvo uye anotora zviuru kana kuti kunyange mamiriyoni amakore. Siyana mu zvipenyu - chii? Somuenzaniso, kuchinja muviri: Vamwe mukuru, zvimwe pasi, vamwe tsvuku bvudzi, vamwe - black, pane chiedza-ganda, rima-ganda ikoko. Kufanana nevanhu, nezvimwe zvinhu zvipenyu vane zvakawanda kusiyana mukati chete nevanhu.

Siyana - ndiko Biology (mienzaniso varatidze izvi) vanoenderana kuunganidza yokupona Gene kushanduka. Unogona kupa muenzaniso kubva muupenyu chaihwo. On ari Galapagos Islands kune marudzi finches zhinji. Apo Charles Darwin akashanyira nzvimbo idzi, akati kuti mhuka idzi zvechokwadi zvakafanana, asi vamwe misiyano pakati pavo iriko. Ndiyo saizi uye chimiro beaks dzavo. tateguru ravaigona kwave kuchiita adaptive nemwaranzi, nokudaro mupiro, pave nemamwe marudzi. Somuenzaniso, pane chimwe chitsuwa, apo mbeu dzakanga zhinji, beaks shiri vasingagoni nani unoenderana kudya zvokudya mhando iyi. On chimwe chitsuwa nemamiriro muromo kubatsira mhuka kudya nezvipembenene. Pakupedzisira, kune mhando itsva dzakawanda, uye mumwe nomumwe ane yayo nemamwe zvinhu.

Yakashatiswa mumufambiro shanduka kunoitika kana tiri kutaura pamusoro itsva rudzi. Kazhinji, zvakafanira kuti ajairane ezvinhu dzezvakatipoteredza zvakasiyana. Muenzaniso wakanaka tsoka dzevanhu, inova yakasiyana chaizvo kubva Tsoko makumbo, kunyange zvavo kuzitateguru - munhu primate. Rudzi rutsva (iyi, vanhu) vakashanduka nekuti kwakanga havachafaniri kukwira miti. Bipedalism akaita kuchinja zvakakodzera pamurwi kuvandudza akurumidze, pachiyero uye rakadzikama kwebasa pepasi. Kunyange zvazvo vanhu netsoko vari majini akafanana, ivo zvakagadzira zvakasiyana mumuviri unhu hunodiwa kuti tipone.