Chii cyanide? Cyanides uye zvazvinoita pane muviri

Muna 1945 zvakanzi rakabudiswa yokufungidzira "ikapenya Cyanide" by Agatha Christie. The mutikitivha zvakazoonekwa kunonakidza uye hunakidze. Zvisinei, haasi munhu wose anoziva kuti yakadaro cyanide haako. Saka chii fuma uyu uye sei zvinokanganisawo muviri womunhu?

Chii cyanide?

Cyanide - boka soro-mabasa zvinhu, vane tigume dzemuviri. Mune mamwe manzwi, izvozvo Chepfu. toxicity kwavo nyore kutsanangurwa nenzira inokanganisa vamwe yenhengo avo cellular afemeruke. Uyewo, kwakakanganiswa nhengo yose. Masero nyore kurega kushanda. Pashure muviri ichi chinokosha gadziriro kurega basa, uye pane pathological chakakomba ezvinhu, izvo kazhinji kunoguma murufu.

Saka chii cyanide? Chokutanga, ndivo nomukaka zviri hydrocyanic acid. The yemaitiro kuti potassium cyanide iri nyore: KCN. Kokutanga iyi kwave kwakaitwa kemisiti wokuGermany Robert Vilgelmom Bunzenom. Mukuwedzera, musayendisiti kwakasimbiswa zvakawanda uye maindasitiri dzinotsanagura kwayo kwetunhu. Izvi zvakaitika muna 1845.

Vamwe zvivako nyaya

Potassium cyanide chinhu chena upfu ine crystalline mamiriro. The fuma iri zvakanaka soluble mumvura. Uturu ane pachangu hwezvinonhuhwira, asi kunogona sei 50% chavagari redu. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti potassium cyanide ndiyo kusagadzikana fuma. Zvinonzi oxidized mu zvinogadzirisa ane shuga, uye zvakakwana azvipire mwando.

Uyewo Kazhinji, uye yavaibvisa cyanide. The yokuita nefuma: NaCN. Yavaibvisa cyanide ane ivhu chena, upfu, namatidza kana hygroscopic crystals. The fuma zvakare kusagadzikana. It urwa nokukurumidza mumvura uye menthol. By pacharo, yavaibvisa cyanide hakusi zvinobata moto. Zvisinei, kana kubatana nyoro mhepo mumiriri zvinowanisa gasi, inova zvinobata moto. In combustion yavaibvisa cyanide allocates chepfu uye kunovhiringidza chiutsi. Vanogona kukonzera zvakakomba chepfu. Uyewo volatiles mhando cyanides uye hydrolysis.

Cyanide mune miti

Chii cyanide kunzwisisa. Asi sei anogadzirwa uye nokuda chii? Cyanide anogadzirwa kwete chete nokuda chakaita zvokugadzirwa nzira. Izvi zvinhu zvinowanika zvakasikwa. Izvi zvinowedzera mukana achida kana netsaona chepfu. Uturu kunogona kuwanikwa kubva zvimwe zvokudya uye chirimwa zvigadzirwa. Chikonzero ichi, unofanira kuziva zvose zvinokonzera cyanide.

The pamazita zvokudya ngozi inosanganisira Lima bhinzi, omuamanda uye mufarinya. Uyezve, cyanide zvirimowo mu mapfupa peya, puramu, apirikoti, Cherry, Peach uye kunyange maapuro. Kusvibisa uyewo kunoitika chete idzodzo zviitiko apo muviri anopiwa kunyanyisa uwandu zvigadzirwa ngozi. Pangozi ndivo vanhu ivavo vane idiosyncrasy.

Kushandiswa cyanide

Cyanide mhinduro zvinoshandiswa mumaindasitiri zhinji. Izvi zvinhu dzinowanzoshandiswa kugadzira mapepa, mapurasitiki uye Textiles mamwe marudzi. Kazhinji, uturu aripo munyika dzakawanda reagents kuti anoshandiswa kuratidza mifananidzo. In simbi tiri kuongorora anoshandisa fuma rokuchenesa electroplating uye simbi, uyewo nokuda voga kuti ores goridhe.

Uyezve, cyanide rinoshandiswa senzira gasi akabatana nevamwe zvinhu nechinangwa disinfecting kuchengetera zviyo. Formulations kwakadaro kubvumira kuparadza nemakonzo.

Zvinoitika pamuviri

Pashure kwaaita cyanide ari mupenyu muviri ari makavhara chaiyo enzayemu - cytochrome oxidase. Somugumisiro, chinokosha anorasikirwa inodiwa okisijeni. Izvi zvinotungamirira kukura asphyxia.

Chokutanga, zvinyama hypoxia kunokanganisa uropi. Somugumisiro dzichiri nechepakati tsinga dzomuviri. izvi zvose zvinotungamirira nokukurumidza rufu. Kana zviratidzo nomuchetura, vanoonekwa dzinenge pakarepo.

The kwokuomerwa murwere kunoenderana achinyanya munzira iyo muchetura waiva muviri. Pashure inhalation kuti iite uye magasi nomuchetura kunoitika pakarepo. Apo neapo cyanide chinopinda kuburikidza ganda nemudumbu. Muzviitiko zvakadaro, zviratidzo nomuchetura kunogona kuonekwa zvishoma nezvishoma.

Kana kuratidza chepfu

Sezvambotaurwa, zviratidzo nomuchetura uye ukuru zviratidzo zvavo vanovimba iyo nzira uturu mumuviri uye mune uwandu. Nokuti munhu ngozi dose kuti cyanide ndiyo chete 0.1 MG / l. Rufu kunoitika mukati paawa. Kana muviri angosimuka 0.12-0.15 MG / L, munhu anofa mukati hafu yeawa.

Kana wevasungwa kuti zvine chepfu ichiwedzerwa kuti 0.2 MG, rufu kunoitika mukati maminitsi 10. It kusvetuka kuti munhu anokwanisa kumira cyanide chepfu pasi zvimwe ezvinhu. Izvi zvinogoneka kana wevasungwa pakati ari chepfu fuma asingadi kupfuudza 0.55 MG / L uye kwete muchetura kunokanganisa miniti kupfuura mumwe.

Kana cyanide vakapinda muviri pamwe gasi, zviratidzo zvinochengetwa pashure vaviri mumasekonzi. Kana hunokachidza fuma anopinda chawadya, chiremba mufananidzo kukura pashure maminitsi mashoma.

The chikuru Zviratidzo nomuchetura

Cyanide - chepfu kuti zvinoda kushanda pavakangopedza apinda muviri womunhu. At dzakakwirira mishonga yacho kwemakemikari mumiririri chepfu zviratidzo kuonekwa pakarepo. Heano huru zvinhu:

1. Chokutanga, munhu anorasikirwa kuziva.
2. Pakarepo wouya kufema hurongwa dzomuviri. Mukuwedzera, mwoyo tsandanyama kukurukurirana kwacho.
3. Rufu.

With zviduku dosages zviratidzo kuonekwa zvishoma nezvishoma:

1. Nokuti kutanga kwekupwanyiwa cyanide chepfu kunoratidzwa dzungu, chenjera uye kukura nokukurumidza nemusoro, kukurumidza kurova kwehana uye kufema, kunzwa Kutambudzika frontal lobes, nhokwe ropa kusvikira musoro.
2. Danho rechipiri - kupfupika mweya. Saka kufema anova ruzha, yakadzika uye isingawanzowanikwi. Pulse iri kuderera panguva akuvara, kuda kurutsa, kurutsa, vadzidzi dilate.
3. Panguva inotevera danho, munhu anorasikirwa kuziva. Kazhinji tetanic kurwadza kwacho kukonzera spasm pamusoro masticatory tsandanyama, izvo zvinogona mutauro dzichiruma.
4. Akatevera Danho - rutivi rwomuviri. Munhu wacho anorasikirwa kwete chete hunenge, asiwo nehanya. Kufema hariwanikwi chaizvo. Uyezve, zvichida involuntary defecation uye weti. Kana usina munhu rubatsiro wokutanga cardiac basa rinomira uye rufu ensues.

Pamugumo

Zvino kuti unoziva zvinorehwa cyanide, uye sei zvinokanganisawo muviri womunhu. Haiwa, iyi haisi nguva dzose nefuma raishandiswa zvinangwa rugare. Rehydrogen cyanide munguva Second World War, aiva nhengo iri gasi rinouraya se "Zyklon B". zvombo izvi zvave zvikuru mauto eGermany. Panewo maonero kuti gasi rinouraya yakashandiswa muna 1980 munguva yehondo pakati Iran uye Iraq.