Skeletal muscles. Mapoka emakumbo masaga. Chimiro nekushanda kwemakumbo emakumbo

Misungo - chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvemuviri. Izvo zvinovakirwa pane zvigunwe, iyo fiber iyo inobata pasi pesimba remagunha, iyo inobvumira muviri kuti uende uye ugare mumamiriro ezvinhu.

Misungo iri munzvimbo dzose yemuviri wedu. Uye kunyange kana tisingazivi nezvehupenyu hwavo, vachiripo. Zvakakwana, semuenzaniso, kuenda kumitambo yekutanga kana kushandisa maitiro aerobics - zuva rinotevera iwe ucharwara kunyange izvo mitsipa yausingazivi inovapo.

Ivo vane mhosva kwete kwete chete kwekufamba. Pazororo, mishonga inodawo simba kuti ichengetedze toned. Izvi zvakakosha kuve nechokwadi kuti chero nguva imwe chikamu chemuviri chinogona kupindura pamusana pemaitiro nekufamba kwakakodzera, pane kuparadza nguva yekugadzirira.

Kuti tinzwisise kuti masumbu acho akarongeka sei, tinoratidzira kuyeuka zvidzidzo, kudzokorora kusarudzwa uye kutarisa mukati memagadzirirwo emagetsi emisungo. Isu tinodzidza nezvezvirwere zvinogona kukuvadza basa ravo, uye kuti sei kusimbisa maronda emakumbo.

General concepts

Nokuzadza kwaro uye kuitika kunoitika, mishonga yemasumbu inopatsanurwa kuva:

• Cross-striped;
• Smooth.

Skeletal muscle inoputira zvivako zvehutura, nhamba yekisii mune imwe sero iyo inogona kusvika mazana masere. Izvo zvine mavara emasumbu, ayo akabatanidzwa kune zvikamu zvakasiyana zvemasaga. Izvo zvipfeko zvemuviri wakaoma zvinobatsira pakufamba kwemunhu.

Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana

Ndeupi musiyano pakati pemisungo? Mifananidzo iri munyaya ino ichatibatsira kunzwisisa izvi.

Skeletal muscle ndeimwe yezvinhu zvikuru zve musculoskeletal system. Zvinokubvumira kuti uende uye uchengetedze kuenzanisa, uyewo unobatanidzwa mukufema, kufambisa izwi uye mamwe mabasa.

Mumumuviri womunhu, pane masisita makumi matanhatu. Muchikamu chemazana, chiyero chavo rose chikamu makumi mana kubva muzana yehutatu hwehuviri. Misungo inosanganiswa muchimiro nekugadzirisa:

• Yakawanda fusiform;
• Thin lamellar.

Urongwa hunotsanangura chidzidzo

Kuparadzaniswa kwemasumbu emakumbo mumapoka kunoitwa zvichienderana nenzvimbo uye kukosha kwadzo mune basa rezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemuviri. Mapoka makuru ndiwo:

Misumbu yemusoro nemutsipa:

• Mimic - inobatanidzwa mukumwemwerera, kukurukurirana uye kugadzira grimaces dzakasiyana-siyana, nekugadzirisa kufamba kwezvimwe zvikamu zvechiso;
• Kucheka - rubatsiro rwekuchinja nzvimbo ye maxillofacial dhipatimendi;
• Kuputika kwemuviri wemukati (soft palate, rurimi, maziso, mukati nzeve).

Mapoka emakumbo emakumbo echikwata chemukondi:

• Surface - inobatsira kuenderera mberi nekufambisa kwemusoro wemusoro;
• Mukati - shandisa rusvingo rwezasi rwemukati uye ruchiita kuti kufamba kwechirave, bone hyoid uye marashika;
• Mvura yakadzika ichitsike kumatope uye kutendeuka kwemusoro, ita kuti kusimudza kwembambo yekutanga uye yechipiri.

Mishonga, iyo mifananidzo yaunoona pano, inofanirwa nehutu uye yakakamurwa kuva misumbu yematare anotevera:

• Nhema - inobatsira chikamu chepamusoro chemuviri uye ruoko, uye inobatsira kuchinja mamiriro embabvu panguva yekufema;
• Muchikamu chemuviri - chinopa kubuda kweropa kuburikidza nemakumbo, chinoshandura chinzvimbo chechipfuva panguva yekufema, chinokanganisa kushanda kwemukati wemukati, kunokurudzira kugadzika kwedu;
• Dorsal - inogadzira motokari yemakumbo ekumusoro.

Misungo yemigumo:

• Kumusoro-kunosanganisira muscular tissue yebhandi refudzi uye kusununguka chikamu chepamusoro, kubatsira kubvisa ruoko muhombodo yakabatana uye kugadzira kufamba kwekono neminwe;
• Muzasi - tamba basa guru mubasa revanhu mumatenga, rakakamurwa kuva misumbu yebhanhire yepilvic uye chikamu chepachena.

Urongwa hwemakumbo emasumbu

Muchikamu chayo, ine nhamba yakawanda yemasikironi emafomu ekudzivirira uye yakaenzana kubva kune 10 kusvika ku100 microni, urefu hwacho hunosiyana kubva pa1 kusvika ku12 cm. Fibers (microfibrils) inonda - actinic, uye yakareba - myosin.

Ikutanga inoumbwa neprotheni ine fiber ye fibrillar. Zvinonzi actin. Micheka yakasimba ine mhando dzakasiyana dze myosin. Izvo zvakasiyana munguva, izvo zvinodiwa pakuparara kweAlex molecule, izvo zvinokonzera kusiyana kwakasiyana kwekudzivirira.

Myosin mumasero anonyatsofema ari munharaunda yakapararira, kunyange kune purogiramu yakawanda yemapurotini, iyo inowanikwawo muhutano hurefu hwetoni.

Chimiro chemuviri wemakumbo chakafanana netambo yakagadzirwa kana tambo yakanyungudutswa. Pamusoro payo pane mutsara wakaonda wemagetsi anonzi epimizium. Kubva mukati mawo mukati, matavi akadzika emakona akabatana, achiumba zvikamu, inofamba zvakadzama mumutsipa. Mavari, "akafukidzwa" zvipfeko zvakasiyana-siyana zvemasumbu, izvo zvinosvika zana makumi mashanu mumagetsi. Mamwe matavi mashoma mapazi anobuda kubva kwavari kunyange zvakadzika.

Muzvikamu zvose mumakumbo emakumbo zvinopinda muropa uye zvirongwa zvekutya. Mvura inoputika inopfuura neperizizium - iyi inogadzirisa mishonga inobatanidza zvisungo zvemasikisi. Majoka akabuda uye ane venous ari kurutivi rumwe.

Development process

Skeletal muscle inokura kubva mumesoderm. Kune rumwe rutivi rwemitsipa yemagetsi, zvinyorwa zvinoumbwa. Mushure mekupera kwenguva, myotomes inopiwa mazviri. Masero avo, achitora maitiro echitsitsi, akachinja myoblasts, iyo inoparadzanisa. Vamwe vavo vanofambira mberi, asi vamwe vanoramba vasingashanduki uye vanogadzira masisatellite masero.

Chimwe chikamu chisina basa chemyoblasts, nekuda kwekubatana kwemapuranga, kunobatanidza hukama pakati pavo, ipapo munzvimbo yekubatana ye plasmalemma disintegrate. Kutenda kuwedzerwa kwemasero, symplasts zvinogadzirwa. Undifferentiated madiki masero masero ari munharaunda imwechete iyo myosymplast yechipfuva chemukati ichienda kwavari.

Skeletal muscle mabasa

Uyu musculature ndiyo nheyo ye musculoskeletal system. Kana iine simba, muviri uri nyore kuramba uri munzvimbo yakarurama, uye mikana ye stoop kana scoliosis inoderedzwa. Munhu wose anoziva nezvezvakanaka zvemitambo, saka ngationei basa iro musculature inowedzera mune izvi.

Izvo zvipembenene zvinokonzerwa nezvipembenene zvinokonzera mumuviri wemunhu mabasa akawanda akasiyana-siyana anodiwa pakurongeka kwakakwana kwemuviri nekubatana kwezvikamu zvayo mumwe nomumwe.

Misumbu inoita mabasa anotevera:

• Gadzira kufamba kwemuviri;
• Kudzivirira simba rinopisa rakagadzirwa mukati memuviri;
• Kukurudzira kufamba uye vertical retention in space;
• Batsira kuderedza kufamba kwemhepo uye kubatsira nekumedza;
• Fomu chiso chiso;
• Inobatsira pakugadzirwa kwehuni.

Sangano rinoramba riripo

Apo mishonga yemasumbu iri pazororo, kune nguva dzose kushamwaridzana kadiri mukati mavo, kunonzi mushutu toni. Inoumbwa nekuda kwemaitiro mashoma ekufema anopinda musimba kubva mumutsipa wepelinha. Chiito chavo chinokonzerwa nezviratidzo zvinobva pamusoro kusvika kumusana wemhepo. Tsvina yekutaura inofanirwawo nemamiriro avo ose:

• Stretching;
• Nhamba yekuzadza maziso emasumbu;
• Kuve neropa;
• Zvose mvura uye munyu kuenzaniswa.

Munhu ane kodzero yekudzora uwandu hwemutsipa mutoro. Somugumisiro wekudzidzira muviri kwenguva yakareba kana simba rakasimba uye rinotyisa kudarika, mutsipa unhu huri kuwedzera huchiwedzera.

Kuderedza kwemafupa emakumbo uye zvakasiyana-siyana

Iri basa rinokosha. Asi kunyange iyo, neinoita sezviri nyore, inogona kugoverwa mumhando dzakasiyana.

Mhando dzekugadzirwa kwemasumbu:

• Isotonic - kukwanisa kwemishupa yechisimba kuvhara pasina kushanduka mumagetsi emasumbu;
• Isometric - iyo fiber inopfupiswa panguva yekuita, asi urefu hwacho hunoramba huchifanana;
• Auxotonic - iyo nzira yekugadzikana kwezvisikwa zvemasisipo, uko urefu uye kukanganiswa kwemisungo zviri pasi pekuchinja.

Funga izvi nenzira yakajeka

Chokutanga, uropi hunotuma hurumende kuburikidza neuronal system, iyo inosvika mumhepo inonzi motoneuron yakatarisana nehombodo yemasumbu. Uyezve, iyo neuron yakagadziriswa isingabvumirwi kubva pamusana we vesople, uye neurotransmitter inosunungurwa. Inobatanidza nemakagadziro pamusana fiber sarcolemma uye inotanga sodium channel, iyo inotungamirira kukurasika kwemuviri, izvo zvinokonzera chiito chinogona. Iine nhamba yakakwana yeurotransmitter inokurudzira kugadzirwa kweionic calcium ions. Zvadaro zvinosanganisira troponin uye zvinokurudzira kuderedza kwayo. Iye, zvakare, anononoka kutonhora, achibvumira actin kuti ataure ne myosin.

Zvadaro zvinotanga kushandiswa kwekushandura actin filaments maererano nemamyosin, zvichiita kuti kuderedzwa kwemafupa emakumbo. Chimiro chechirongwa chichabatsira kunzwisisa nzira yekudzvinyirira kwemakumbo ematanda.

Nheyo yekushanda kwemakumbo emakumbo

Kubatana kwehuwandu hwemisi miviri inokurudzira kufamba kwakasiyana-siyana kwedu.

Basa remakumbo emakumbo rinogona kuitika nenzira dzakadaro:

• Misumbu-synergists inoshanda mune imwe nzira;
• Vasikana-vanopikisa vanoita kuti kushandiswa kwemasangano anopesana kushandura.

Chiito chinopesana chemisungo ndeimwe yezvinhu zvakanyanya mubasa re musculoskeletal system. Mukushandiswa kwechiito, kwete chete mafungi emasumbu anozviita anoita, asiwo avo vanopikisa. Zvinobatsira pakugadzirisa uye kupa sangano shanduro uye nyasha.

Mucheka-wakarova skeletal muscle pasi pesimba pamubatanidzwa unoita basa rakaoma. Chimiro chayo chinotsanangurwa nenzvimbo yechipfuva chekubatanidza uye chinzvimbo chakanaka chemuviri.

Mamwe mabasa emakumbo mapfupa haana kukwana, uye haawanzotauri nezvazvo. Semuenzaniso, mamwe ematanda anoita sevhisi yekushanda kwemapfupa emasaga.

Tsvina inoshanda pamasero emagetsi

Chiito chemakumbo masaga anoitwa nemaviri mapuroteni: actin uye myosin. Izvo zvikamu zvine simba rekufamba kune umwe neumwe.

Kuti uone kugadzikana kwemishonga inosuruvara, simba rinoshandiswa rinoshandiswa, iro rinowanikwa mumakemikari amabhodhi emakemikari ehupenyu. Kuora uye kusvibiswa kwezvinhu zvakadaro zvinowanikwa mumisungo. Izvo zvinoreva mweya, uye simba rakapiwa, 33% yezvinhu izvi zvose zvinoshandiswa pakuita kwemashuga emasumbu, uye 67% inotamirwa kune mamwe matukisi uye inoshandiswa pakuchengetedza kugara kwechando chemuviri.

Zvirwere zvemuviri wemasaga

Muzviitiko zvakawanda, kusagadzikana mukushanda kwemisungo kunokonzerwa nehutano hwemamiriro ehutano hwehutachiona hwehutano.

Chirwere chemafupa chakanyanya kufanana ndechekuti:

• Tsvina yemakumbo - kutyora kwema electrolyte muyero ye extracellular fluid yakapoteredza musimba uye nerve fibers, uyewo kuchinja mune osmotic kukwikwamo, kunyanya kuwedzera kwayo.
• Hypocalcemic tetany - kusazvipira kweetanic zvinopesana nemakumbo emakumbo, akacherechedza apo huwandu hweCa2cellarlar Ca2 + hunowira kusvika 40% yehutano hwakanaka.
• Muscular dystrophy inoratidzika nekuderera kwechirwere chemakumbo emasikironi uye myocardium, pamwe nekuremara kwemumuviri, izvo zvinogona kutungamirira kurufu nekuda kwekuporesa kana kushaya mwoyo.
• Myasthenia gravis chirwere chisingaperi chisinganzwisisiki umo zvirwere zvinosvika kuNicotinic ACh-receptor zvinoumbwa mumuviri.

Relaxation nekudzoka kwemafupa emasumbu

Zvokudya zvakakodzera, mararamiro ehupenyu uye kugara uchidzidziswa kuchakubatsira iwe kuva muridzi wehutano uye akanaka masaga emasumbu. Hazvisiko kuti uite zvinorema nekudzikisa musuru. Kutambura nguva dzose cardio training uye yoga.

Usakanganwa nezvekugadzirisa kudya kwevhitamini anokosha nemaminerari, pamwe nekugara uchishanyira saunas uye mabhati nemaromusi anogona kukwanisa kuwedzera oxygen nemishu yemaviri uye midzi yeropa.

Kugadziriswa kwemasasa kunonongedza kuwedzera kwekusimba uye kubereka kwemaviri. Uyewo, chiitiko chakanaka pamagadzirirwo uye nekushanda kwemakumbo emakumbo anopiwa nekushanyira ku cryosauna.