Mechanical plant tissue: maitiro uye mabasa

Kungofanana nemhuka, mumitumbi yemiti kune mavara akasiyana-siyana. Pakati idzi, nhengo dzakavakwa, iyo, zvakare, inogadziridza maitiro. Chimwe chivako chakazara zvachose chakangofanana - sero.

Zvisinei, mishonga yezvirimwa nemhuka yakasiyana pakati payo mumasangano maviri nemabasa. Saka ngatiedzei kunzwisisa kuti zvii izvi zvinomiririra kune vamiririri vemiti. Ngatimbokurukurai zvakajeka kuti chii chinonzi michanical tissue yemiti.

Zvipfeko zvezvirimwa

Pakazara, mapoka matanhatu ematukisi anogona kusiyaniswa mumutumbi wemiti.

1. Dzidzo inosanganisira maronda, apical, latal and intercalary types. Iyo yakagadzirirwa kugadzirisa sarudzo yemiti, marudzi akasiyana-siyana ekukura, anobatanidzwa mukuumbwa kwemamwe matukisi, inoumba masero matsva. Zvichienderana nebasa rinoitwa, rinova pachena apo nzvimbo dzine dzidzo dzekudzidzira dzichawanikwa munzvimbo ino : petioles yemashizha, internodes, chinangwa chemudzi, chikamu chepamusoro che stem.
2. Iyo huru inoumbwa nemhando dzakasiyana dzeparenchyma (columnar, airborne, spongy, kuchengetedza, aquiferous), uyewo photosynthetic chikamu. Basa racho rinoenderana nezita: kuchengetedza mvura, kuunganidza kwekuchengetedza michina, photosynthesis, kushandiswa kwegesi. Localization mumashizha, stems, michero.
3. Maitiro anobatsira ndea xylem uye phloem. Chinangwa chikuru ndechekutakura kwemaminerari nemvura kune mashizha uye zvinogadziriswa uye kudzoka kunounzwa kwezvakakwana zvinowanikwa munzvimbo dzekuunganidza. Iko iri mumidziyo yehuni, masero anozivikanwa e-bast.
4. Kuvhara mishonga inosanganisira zvitatu zvakasiyana-siyana: cork, kutakura, epidermis. Basa ravo munzvimbo yekutanga - kudzivirira, pamwe nekufemera uye gas exchange. Nzvimbo iri mumuviri wemiti yacho: pamusoro pemashizha, bark, midzi.
5. Zvinyuchi zvinokonzera kugadzirwa kwejusi, nectar, mishonga yemagetsi, unyoro. Ari munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana (nectaries, mlechnikah, vhudzi).
6. Iyo michina yemagetsi yemiti , sarudzo yayo nemabasa zvichakurukurwa pasi apa zvakanyatsotsanangurwa.

Mechanical fabrics: general characteristics

Zvakaoma uye zvisingaenzaniswi nemamiriro ekunze, climatic catharsis, kwete nguva dzose kuchinja kwakasikwa mumasikirwo - kubva kune munhu wese uyu anochengetedza imba. Uye kazhinji nzvimbo yakadaro yekuchengetedza mhuka inova mbeu. Uye ndiani achazviponesa? Pamusana pezvavanogona kumira nemhepo ine simba, nekudengenyeka kwenyika, kuputika kwemakomo uye chimvuramabwe, chando chechando uye mvura inopisa mvura? Icho chinotarisa kuti chimiro chakabatanidzwa muchigadziro chinobatsira kuti chidzivirire - chigadzirwa chemagetsi.

Chimiro chakadai hachisi nguva dzose chakagoverwa zvakafanana pakati pemiti imwechete. Uyewo, zvarinotaura zvakasiyana kubva kumumiririri kune vamiririri. Asi kune imwe nzvimbo iyo iri muvanhu vose. Iyo michina yemagetsi yemiti ine sarudzo yake chaiyo, maitiro uye mabasa.

Basa rinokosha

Imwe zita rekugadzirisa ino rinotaura nezvemaitiro uye kukosha kwaro kune zvirimwa - simba remagetsi, kudzivirirwa, rubatsiro. Kazhinji, chigadzirwa chemagetsi chinofananidzwa nekusimbiswa. Iko kuti, rudzi rwemasaga, skeleton, iyo inopa rutsigiro uye simba kumunhu wose wezvirimwa.

Izvi zvinoshandiswa pakugadzira michina inokosha zvikuru. Nemhaka yekuvapo kwavo, muti wacho unokwanisa kumira zvakasimba pane mamiriro ekunze, asi uchichengetedza kuvimbika kwezvikamu zvose. Kazhinji unogona kuona kuti miti yacho inodzungaira sei kubva kumhepo yakasimba yemhepo. Zvisinei, havaputsi, kuratidza zvishamiso zvepurasitiki uye simba. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti iyo inyanzvi yemasikisi inoshanda. Uyezve zvinokwanisika kuona uye kugadzikana kwemasango, uswa hurefu, hafu-shrub, miti duku. Zvose izvi zvinochengeterwa munharaunda yakajairika, semasoja anoramba aripo.

Zvechokwadi, izvi zvinotsanangura zvikamu zvekugadzirwa kwemagadzirirwe emagetsi uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvemasikisi maviri. Iwe unogona kugovana navo mumapoka.

Kurongwa

Kune mhando mitatu yakakosha yezvivakwa zvakadai, imwe neimwe iyo ine zvinyorwa zvayo muhutano hwemagetsi.

1. Collenchyma.
2. Sclerenchyma.
3. Scleroids (inowanzoonekwa senhengo ye sclerenchyma).

Chimwe chezvinhu izvi zvinogona kuumbwa kubva kumadziro ekutanga uye echipiri. Zvose masero emagetsi ane magetsi, akasimba masvingo masvingo, ayo nenzira dzakawanda anotsanangura kukwanisa kuita izvi. Zviri mukati memusero imwe neimwe inogona kunge iri mupenyu kana yakafa.

Collenchyma uye yakarongeka

Kuchinja kwemhando iyi yakarongeka inobva kune zvinyorwa zvezvitsva zvezvirimwa. Saka, kazhinji kacho collenchyma ine chlorophyll pigment uye inokwanisa kuita photosynthesis. Iyi mhuka inoumbwa mumiti miduku mishoma, ichivhara nhengo dzayo pakarepo pasi pechipupuriro, dzimwe nguva zvishoma zvakadzika.

Mamiriro ekumanikidzwa kwe collenchyma inonzi turgor yemasero, asi munyaya iyi inokwanisa kuita mabasa ezvombo, zvitsigiro, zvakapiwa. Mamiriro ezvinhu akadaro anogoneka, sezvo masero ose ezvivara izvi ari kurarama, achikura nekuparadzanisa. Mahombekombe acho akaoma, asi mapepa anoramba aripo, kuburikidza nekunyorowa kunotorwa uye rimwe dambudziko rinoshandiswa.

Uyewo, chimiro chemasikiniki emagetsi emhando iyi chinoreva mhando dzakawanda dzekutaurirana kwemasero. Pachikonzero ichi, iyo tsika yekusiyanisa zvitatu zve collenchyma.

1. Plate . Sero masvingo akawedzerwa zvakakwana zvakakwana, anowirirana kune mumwe nemumwe, akafanana nehutachi. Yakapfuurirwa muhumiro (muenzaniso wegwenzi rine rudzi urwu rwemashuga isaridhe).
2. Nyeredzi collenchyma - mabhomba akaomeswa zvisina kufanira, mumakona uye pakati. Vanosangana pamwe chete nezvikamu izvi, vachiumba nzvimbo duku (buckwheat, pumpkin, sorrel).
3. Kusununguka - zita rinotaura pachako. Sero masvingo akawedzerwa, asi kushamwaridzana kwavo kune nzvimbo huru dze intercellular. Kazhinji inoita photosynthetic basa (krasavka, amai-uye-nyanzvikadzi).

Kamwe zvakare, inofanira kurehwa kuti collenchyma ndiyo michina yevaduku, vasati vakura vasina miti uye maruva avo. Nzvimbo dzepamusoro dzekugara munzvimbo mumuviri wemiti yacho ndiyo petioles uye mitsipa mikuru, mumutsara pamativi akafanana neyendarira. Iyi mishonga inoshandiswa inongorarama chete, neodrevesnevshie masero asingaiti kupesana nekukura kwemiti uye nhengo dzavo.

Akaitwa mabasa

Mukuwedzera kumapikicha, tinogonawo kudana basa rekutsigirwa semukuru. Zvisinei, iye haatambi basa rakakura zvakadaro mune izvi, se sclerenchyma. Kunyange zvakadaro, simba re-collenchyma nokuda kwekuparara rinofananidzwa nesimba resimbi (aluminium, somuenzaniso, uye mutungamiri).

Pamusoro pezvo, basa rekugadzira mhando dzemhando iyi rinotsanangurwawo nekwanisi yekugadzirisa zvinyorwa zvechipiri mumiganhu yezvirimwa.

Sclerenyma, cell cell

Kusiyana ne-collenchyma, masero ematombo aya anowanzowedzera majobho, ane simba. Rarama zvinyorwa (protoplast) zvinouraya nenguva. Kazhinji masero emagetsi e sclerenchyma anogadziriswa nechinhu chakakosha - lignin, iyo inowedzera simba ravo kazhinji. Kuputsa simba kwekushongedzwa kwemavara kunofananidzwa nemiganhu yekuvaka simbi.

Mhando dzakakura dzemasero anoita mhuka idzi ndeizvi:

• Fibers;
• Scleraids;
• Zvivako izvo zvikamu zvekutengesa mishonga, xylem uye phloem ndeye bast fibers uye huni (libris).

Mafuta akaiswa pamwe uye akatarisa kumusoro kweprozenhimnye zvivako zvakasimba zvakanyanyisa uye lignified shells, pane pore shoma. Edza munzvimbo dzakasimwa nekukura kwemiti yacho: interstices, stem, central root, petioles.

Bhuni nemapuranga zvakakosha zvikuru sezvipfeko zvinokonzera zvinokomberedza .

Nzvimbo dzakarongeka dzemasikiniki e-sclerenchyma ndeyekuti masero ose akafa, ane bundu rakagadzirwa zvakanaka. Pamwe chete vanopa kukurira kwakakura kumiti. Sclerenyma inoumbwa kubva kunonyanya meristem, cambium uye procambium. Inowanikwa mumatanda (stems), petioles, midzi, pedicels, peduncle, pedicels uye mashizha.

Basa mubindu

Basa remagetsi ekunyanyisa kwezvinyorwa zvinoratidzika - kupa ruzivo rwakasimba, hurongwa hwakasimba hune simba rakakwana, elasticity, uye simba rekurira zvinokonzera simba uye zvinokonzera kubva kune korona (mumiti) uye njodzi dzinongoitika dzoga (mumiti yose).

Basa rekutsvaga kwemazamu emakiromiti e sclerenchyma inonzi uncharacteristic nekuda kwekufa kwehupenyu hwavo huri mukati.

Sclereids

Izvo zvikamu zvemugadziri wemagetsi anogadzirwa anobva kumasero mashoma ane masvingo akaiswa ne phased protoplast kufa, sclerosis (lignification) yemakanda uye akawanda awo ekuwedzera. Masero akadaro anokura munzira mbiri:

• Kubva pane zvinonzi meristem;
• Kubvira parenchyma.

Edzai simba uye kusagadzikana kwezvinyorwa zvinogona kuva, zvichiratidza nzvimbo yavanogara mumiti. Pakati idzi ihove yevhu, mbeu dzezvibereko.

Mune maitiro, zvivako izvi zvinogona kunge zvakasiyana chaizvo. Saka, vanosiyanisa:

• Muchidimbu mutsindo stony masero (brachklereids);
• Branched;
• Yakakomberedzwa zvikuru - fibrous;
• Osteoscleride - muhumi yakafanana nevanhu tibia.

Kazhinji zvivakwa zvakadai zvinowanikwa kunyange muzvibereko zveputi, izvo zvinovadzivirira pakudya nemaoko akasiyana siyana nemhuka. Zvinyorwa zvemarudzi ose zvinoumba zvinhu zvemasikiniki, zvinovabatsira kuita mabasa ekutsigira.

Kukosha kwezvirimwa

Basa remasero akadaro harisi mumabasa ekusimbisa. Uyewo, zvipembenene zvinobatsira michero:

• Chengetedza mbeu kubva pakushisa kwekushisa;
• Usabvumira chibereko kuti chigadziriswe nemaBhakitiriya uye fungi, pamwe chete nemhuka dzinoruma;
• Gadzira chigarire chakagadzikana chinogadzirisa mashizha pamwe chete nemimwe michina yemagetsi.

Kuvapo kwemasikisi maviri mumiti yakasiyana

Kugoverwa kwemarudzi aya ematukisi hakusi kwakasiyana kune vamiririri vakasiyana-siyana vemiti. Saka, somuenzaniso, pasi-chengetedzo yakaderera ine michero yakadzika yemvura -algae. Pashure pezvose, kwavari, basa rekutsigirwa rinotambidzwa nemvura, rinomanikidza.

Uyezve, mbeu dzinotonhora, vose vamiririri vemunzvimbo inotonhorera, haisiwo lignified uye kuchengetwa mu lignin. Asi vagari vemamiriro ezvinhu akaoma ane michina ye mechanic vanowana zvakanyanya. Izvi zvinoratidzwa mune zita ravo rezvinyorwa - sclerophytes.

Collenchyma inonyanya kukoshesa vamiririri vebipartite gore negore. Sclerenchyma, kune rumwe rutivi, inowanzoumbwa mumaruva asingagumi anogara kwenguva refu, mashizha nemiti.