Mienzaniso yearomorphosis mumiti nemhuka

Aromorphosis inoshandura kuchinja kwezvinhu zvipenyu zvinomuka munguva yekushanduka-shanduka, dzine zvinoreva zvakajeka uye zvinotarisirwa kusimudzira hutano hwehutano, izvo zvinowedzera hutano.

Izvo zvinoreva zvinoreva aromorphoses

Kuonekwa kwe-aromorphoses ndeyekukosha kunokosha mukurwa kwehupenyu. Zvisikwa zvipenyu, umo kuchinja kwakadaro kunowanzoitika, kunonyanya kuchinjwa kumamiriro ezvinhu ekunze kwenyika uye kunogona kuvaka nzvimbo itsva. Muenzaniso wearomorphosis ndeupi kushanduka kwekushanduka-shanduka kunotungamirira kuonekwa kwezvitsva, mapoka emagetsi ezvisikwa.

Kuumbwa kwe aromorphoses inoratidzika kwenguva yakareba uye inobatanidza nekusiyana kwerudzi. Mukuwedzera, kukosha kwekuonekwa kwezvinhu zvitsva zvezvisikwa zvipenyu zvine kusarudzwa kwechisikigo, apo zvimwe zvipenyu zvakagadziriswa zviripo. Vane hutano hwakawanda hwekudzivirira hupenyu hwavo uye kupa zvizvarwa zvakawanda nemiti inobatsira inopfuudzwa kumarudzi anotevera.

Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti aromorphosis inokosha ye morphophysiological process. Inotungamirira kune kubuda kwezvipenyu zvakakosha, izvo zvisinganyanyi kutarisana nemamiriro ezvinhu ezvakatipoteredza.

Aromorphoses muzvirimwa

Kuchinja kwekufambira mberi kunewo maitiro emiti. Havafungi chete kukwana kwemashoko echimiro, kazhinji pane shoko rokuti "aromorphosis" shoko rokuti "arogenesis" rinoshandiswa, iro rinoshandurwa rinoreva "kubva".

Kuonekwa kwezvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana zvealgae kunosanganiswa nekusiyana kwakasiyana kwemaitiro e-morphological properties uye kukwanisa kweyema-photosynthesis, asi havakwanisi maviri echokwadi, uye naizvozvo vanoonekwa sezvokutanga zvezvisikwa zvegungwa (hakune kushanduka kwekushanduka-shanduka mumagadzirirwo avo).

Kana iwe uchitaura mienzaniso yearomorphosis, iyo inonyanya kukosha ndeyekusiyanisa kwemasukisi, izvo zvakaita kuti kuve kwekukura kwemiti yakakwirira. Izvo zvakanyanya zvekare izvi ndezviputi, sezvo mune izvi zvinomera kusiyanisa kwemasero kwave kusina simba, midzi haisipo, uye mitsva inoratidzirwa nechimiro chepakutanga.

Iyo inotevera yakakosha inororphosis yakanga iri kupatsanurwa kwemuviri wemiti yacho mukuputira nemidzi. Gare gare, mbeu dzakasvibirira dzakaonekwa, dzinosanganisira ferns, horsetails uye mussels, asi ivo havana mbeu, uye sporophyte inotanga kubva mumumbryo, iyo yakasiyana zvikuru. Sezvo mvura inodiwa kuti ivhenewe, izvi pane imwe nzvimbo zvinoparadzanisa kupararira kwakawanda kwemiti inonzi spore.

Mienzaniso yearomorphosis mumiti

Kana tichitaura nezvekuchinja kukuru muurongwa nemararamiro emiti, tinofanira kuyeuka Dhipatimendi reGymnosperms, avo vane vamiririri vane maruva akawanda:

• Vane ovules, umo endosperm inokura (yevakadzi gametophyte);
• Ikoko kune maruva anomera anomera mumutumbi wemapenene; Mumwe mukomana anonzi gametophyte anoumbwa; Kubereka hakudi mvura;
• Iyi miriwo ine mbeu inosanganisira embryo yakanyatsosiyaniswa, pamwe ne endosperm, iyo inopa mishonga yekusimbiswa kwembryo.

Mbeu yembeu zvakare inhengo yeAngiosperms. Vakasimuka munguva yeJurassic. Mienzaniso yearomorphosis yedhipatimendi yemiti iyi inotevera:

• Vanogara vaine carpel yakavharwa nembeu (pestle);
• Iko kune "maitiro" anokosha - nectar uye perianth, iyo inopa entomophily - kupisa mbeu nekubatsirwa kwezvipembenene, iyo inoratidzika nekururama kwekuita mukati meimwe mhando uye inobvumira kuti ivepo kune mbeu dzakasiyana;
• Nokuti angiosperms inoratidzika nechirwere chechibage nechirongwa chinobvumira kuvirirwa kwepamusoro.

Izvo zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti boka iri rezvirimwa rinenge mamiriyoni 250 uye riri munzira yekufambira mberi kwehupenyu. Nokudaro, angiosperms inomiririrwa nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzehupenyu (idzi miti, mabhasi, lianas, uswa, vamiririri vemvura), izvo zvinogara zvichivandudzwa pamwe nekuremekedzwa kwemaitiro nemabasa emunhu mumwe nomumwe.

Dzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka inoshandiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu emhuka

Eukaryotic zvipenyu, izvo zvakaratidzwa neheterotrophic yekudyisa, zvakasimudza fungi nemhuka. Chokutanga chezvizvi zvipenyu zvisingawaniki. Mukati yeProterozoic , multicellular invertebrate zvinhu zvinooneka. Mhando dzepakutanga dzakanga dziri mhuka mbiri-dzakakoswa, semuenzaniso, maAtestinal. Mienzaniso yearomorphosis mumhuka dzeboka iri iviri yakakosha mumbryo uye muviri unoumbwa nemashizha maviri ectoderm uye endoderm.

Chimwe chiitiko chinotevera chinokosha pakugadzirwa kwacho kwaiva kuonekwa kwepakati pemashizha emashizha -mesoderm, izvo zvakagumbura maitiro ezvisikwa uye kuonekwa kwezvirongwa zvemuviri (Flat and Round worms). Izvozvo zvinotevera zvakange zvakaita kuonekwa kwechielom - chikwata chechipiri, nekuda kwekuti muviri wemhuka wakatanga kupatsanurana muzvikamu.

Primitive Primitives (somuenzaniso, Ringworms), iyo yakanga yatova neparapodia (nhengo dzemazuva ekutanga) uye muviri wakafanana, wakabatana. Mienzaniso yearomorphosis, iyo yakazoitika gare gare, inoratidzika seheteronomic segmentation yemuviri nemakumbo akabatanidzwa (arthropods abuda). Pakutanga kweDevonian, kwakasimuka nyika yeArachnids uye zvipembenene panyika, umo maitiro akaoma aromorphosis akacherechedza-kubuda kwemambran membrane.

Kuchinja kwezvinhu zvakashandurwa zvakare

Chimiro chechidimbu, neural tube, mudumbu re-aorta, uye ipapo mwoyo wakabatanidzwa pakuumbwa kwechimwe chimiro-mitsva. Zvadaro, iyo visceral uye axial skeleton inotanga muhove. Saka, vatova nebhokisi reuropi uye chikamu chejaya chehenya.

Bhuna hove uyewo dzakawanda dzakakosha aromorphoses (kupumha kwepummonari uye maziso chaiwo akaoneka), izvo zvakapa vana vemamphibian.

Uyezve inovandudza amniotes, iyo yakanga ine ma membrane matatu emakristoni. Vokutanga vamiririri vavo vakanga vari zvikara. Vakanga vasina rusununguko rwemvura, asi nekuda kwekushayikwa kweropa rakapfigwa rekupararira kweropa, vaisagona kudzora kupisa kwemazuva ose kwemuviri, izvo zvakatungamirira pakuparara kwavo pakupedzisira pamagumo eMesozoic.

Mimwe mienzaniso yearomorphosis inoratidzika sehembe yakazara mumoyo pakati pemhepo. Izvi zvakatibvumira kuparadzanisa denderedzwa rekupararira kweropa, izvo zvakaita kuti kuve nemhuka inodziya-neropa, iyo yakazove yakwanisa kukwira. Saka kirasi yeBhiri yakabuda.

Aromorphosis, iyo yakatungamirira pakuonekwa kwezvipfuwo

Muzvitsva zvekuvhima, zvinyorwa zvepamberi zvakakura pamusoro penguva, goroti yakagadzirwa, mwoyo wakadzika mana wakaonekwa, uye aritari yakaderedzwa. Mukuwedzera, mhuka dzakasimuka dzakamuka nekuda kwekuonekwa kweearyic ossicles, chifukidzo chemvere dzemvere uye zvinyoro zvinyuchi, kuparadzanisa kwemeno mualveoli. Muenzaniso unotevera wearomorphosis mumakumbo ezvemhuka ndiko kuonekwa kwepentecenta uye kurarama kuberekwa.

Nokudaro, kudyidzana kwemakabhi nemukaka, kufambira mberi kwemapapu, brain, circulatory system, pamwe chete nezvimwe zvinokonzera maruva - zvinokonzera kuwedzera kwakanyanya muhuwandu hwehutano hwemhuka uye kubuda kwezvipenyu zvakakwirira.

Iyo yekupedzisira inokosha aromorphosis inogona kunzi kuwedzera kwouropi mumadzitateguru evanhu (epimorphosis). Kusvika iye zvino, Murume Akangwara akaziva nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzenyika, izvo zvakashungurudza kuonekwa kwesaosphere. Panguva imwecheteyo, nyika yehupenyu yakapinda munguva itsva - psychosis.

Kurongedza, zvinofanira kunzi kuti mahombekombe makuru anotungamirira kukundwa kwemisha mitsva uye kubuda kwezvisikwa zvitsva nezvimwe zvinhu zvinoshandiswa zvinotungamirira pakuita shanduko.