Kemikari element fluorine: valence, dzimba, zvinhu

Fluorine (F) ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa chemakemikari echose uye halogen inonyanya kudarika yeboka 17 (VIIa) yedhesi yeperiodic. Ichi chimiro che fluorine chinotsanangurwa nekwanisiro yekukwevera magetsi (iyi ndiyo inonyanya kusarudzwa) uye hukuru hwemaatomu ayo.

Nhoroondo yekuwanikwa

Fluorine-ine mineral fluorspar yakatsanangurwa muna 1529 nechiremba wechiGerman uye mineralogist Georgy Agricola. Zvichida kuti hydrofluoric acid yakatanga kuwanikwa neBrithani isingazivikanwi girazi inopisa muna 1720. Uye muna 1771 mutori wenyika yemuSweden Karl Wilhelm Scheele akawana mari isina kukwana hydrofluoric acid nokupisa moto fluorepar ne concentrated sulfuric acid muirasi yegorosi yakave yakasvibiswa nemuchero . Nokudaro, muongororo dzinotevera, midziyo yesimbi yakashandiswa. Inenge yakaoma anhydrous acid yakawanikwa muna 1809, uye makore maviri gare gare musayenzi wechiFrench André-Marie Ampere akaratidza kuti iyi idijeni ye-hydrogen ine chinhu chisingazivikanwi chakafanana neklorini, iyo yaakatsanangura zita rokuti fluorine kubva muchiGiriki φθόριος, iyo "inoparadza". Fluoride yaiva calcium fluoride.

Kusunungurwa kwe fluorine yakaramba iine imwe yenhamo huru dzisina kugadziriswa dzemakemikari asingabvumirwi kusvikira muna 1886, apo nyanzvi yemakemikari yeFrance Henri Moissan akawana chinhu ichi ne electrolysis ye solution ye potassium hydrofluoride mu hydrogen fluoride. Nokuti izvi muna 1906 akagamuchira Nobel Prize. Dambudziko mukugadzirisa chinhu ichi uye zvinosvibisa zve fluorine zvakakonzera kufambira mberi kunononoka mumakemiti echinhu ichi. Kusvikira Hondo Yenyika Yechipiri yaive yechisarudzo inoshamisa. Zvadaro, zvakadaro, kushandiswa kwe uranium hexafluoride mukuparadzanisa uranium isotopes pamwe nekukura kwehuwandu hwemabhizimisi emakemikari echikamu ichi ichiita ikemikisi inobatsira zvikuru.

Kuwanda

Fluorine-ine fluorite (fluorite, CaF ₂ ) yakashandiswa kwemazana emakore sehuwandu ((cleaning agent) mune metallurgical processes. Iyo mineral yakazove yakabva kune iyo inonzi element, iyo yainziwo inonzi fluor. Zvisina kujeka zvinokonzeresa fluorite makristasi pasi pekujekesa zvine bluish tinge. Iyi dzimba inozivikanwa se fluorescence.

Fluorine chinhu chinowanikwa mumasikirwo chete nemafungiro emakemikari ayo, kunze kwechikamu chiduku chiduku chesununguko rusununguko mu fluorspar rakaparidzirwa kujekesa kubva kuRadium. Zvinyorwa zvechinhu chiri pasi pekukura kwepasi chinenge 0.065%. Mafuta makuru ane fluorine ane fluorspar, cryolite (Na ₃ AlF ₆ ), fluorapatite (Ca ₅ [PO ₄ ] ₃ [F, Cl]), topaz (Al ₂ SiO ₄ [F, OH] ₂ ) uye lepidolite.

Zvisikwa uye makemikari zvinoshandiswa ne fluorine

Pachinaya yechando, fluorine inenge yakachena yegesi ine furo inogumbura. Kuputika kwayo kune ngozi. Kana yakanyorova, inosvika mvura yakatsvuka. Kune chete isotope imwe yakagadzikana yeyi chemikemu element - fluorine-19.

Ionization yekutanga yei halogen yakakwirira kwazvo (402 kcal / mol), iyo ndiyo inofanirwa kupisa kwekugadzirisa cation F ⁺ 420 kcal / mol.

Iko duku shoma yeatomu yezvinhu inobvumira kuti iiswe yakawanda zvakapoteredzwa neatomu yakakura kuti iite seti yematokari akaoma, semuenzaniso, hexafluorosilicate (SiF ₆ ) ^2- uye hexafluoroaluminate (AlF ₆ ) ^3- . Fluorine inhengo ine simba rakasimba ye-oxyidizing properties. Hapana chimwe chinhu chinogona kushandisa oxidizing anion fluoride kuti ive huru yezvinhu, uye nekuda kwechikonzero ichocho hachisi muhurumende rusununguko muzvisikwa. Ichi chimiro che fluorine kwemakore anopfuura 150 haana kubvumira kuti iwanikwe nemhando ipi zvayo yemakemikari. Izvi zvakawanikwa kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwe electrolysis. Kunyange zvakadaro, muna 1986, mumwe wemakemikari weAmerica, Carl Christ, akarondedzera "chikemikisi" yekutanga ye fluorine. Akashandisa K ₂ MnF ₆ uye antimony pentafluoride (SbF ₅ ), iyo inogona kuwanika kubva kune mazano eHF.

Fluorine: valence uye oxidation nyika

Gomba rekunze remahara rine elektrononi isina simba. Ndicho chikonzero nei valence ye fluorine mumakemikari iri kubatana. Zvisinei, maatomu ezvikamu zveboka VIIa anogona kuwedzera huwandu hwema electrons akadai kusvika ku7. The maximum valence ye fluorine uye dhigirii yaro inonzi -1. Icho chinhu hachikwanisi kuwedzera chikwata chavo chevhiri, sezvo atomu yayo isina d-orbital. Mamwe mahedheni, nekuda kwekuvapo kwawo, anokwanisa kuratidza valence kusvika ku7.

High oxidizing ability ye element inobvumira kusvika pahupamhi hwezinga hwehushijiti mune zvimwe zvinhu. Fluorine (valency I) inogona kugadzira zvinomera zvisipo mune zvimwe zviitiko: silver difluoride (AgF ₂ ), cobalt trifluoride (CoF ₃ ), rhenium heptafluoride (REF ₇ ), bromine pentafluoride (BRF ₅ ) uye iodine heptafluoride (IF ₇ ).

Connections

Iyo fluorine formula (F ₂ ) inoumbwa neatomu maviri maatomu. Inogona kubatanidza zvinoumba nezvimwe zvinhu zvose, kunze kwehelium neon, kuumba ionic kana covalent fluorides. Zvimwe zvishandiso, zvakadai seanickel, zvinokurumidza kuputirwa nechepamusoro peiyo halogen, iyo inodzivisa kusungirirwa kwechigadzirwa chesimbi kunhengo. Mimwe midziyo yakaoma, yakadai sesimbi yakaoma, mhangura, aluminium kana monel (66% nickel uye 31.5% yendarira yakashandiswa) haibvumi paanenge achida kutonhora ne fluorine. Nekushanda nechokudzivirirwa pamatambo ekupisa kusvikira 600 ° C, monel yakakodzera; Sintered alumina yakasimba kusvika 700 ° C.

Fluorocarbon mafuta ndiwo mafuta anodikanwa zvikuru. Element inogadzirisa zvine utsinye nezvinhu zvehupenyu (somuenzaniso, rubber, huni nemicheka), saka rinodzora fluorination yezvinhu zvinokonzerwa nehutachiona nehutambo fluorine inogoneka chete nekugamuchirwa kwekuchengetedzwa kwakakosha.

Kugadzirwa

Fluorspar ndiyo inokonzera fluoride. Mukugadzirwa kwe hydrogen fluoride (HF), iyo yakasvibiswa fluorite yakasvibiswa uye yakanyanyisa sulfuric acid mumutungamiri kana kuti inoshandiswa nemidziyo yesimbi. Munguva ye distillation, calcium sulfate (CaSO ₄ ) inoumbwa, iyo isingasviki muHF. Hydrogen fluoride inobudiswa mune zvakakwana anhydrous state ne fraction fraction distillation mumhangura kana midziyo yemidziyo uye inochengetwa muzvigadziri zvesimbi. Iyo inowanzosvibiswa mune zvemabhizimisi hydrogen fluoride sulfuric uye sulfuric acid, pamwe ne fluorosilicic acid (H ₂ SiF ₆ ), iyo inoumbwa nekuda kwekuvapo kwesilika mu fluorite spar. Nzira dzomusvi inogona kubviswa ne electrolysis uchishandisa michina yeplatinum, kurapwa ne-elemental fluorine kana kuchengetedza pane yakasimba Lewis acid (MF ₅ , apo M isimbi) iyo inogona kugadzira marashi (H ₃ O) ⁺ (MF ₆ ) ^- : H ₂ O + SbF ₅ + HF → (H ₃ O) ⁺ (SbF ₆ ) ^- .

Hydrogen fluoride inoshandiswa mukugadzira kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemabhizimisi uye zvisikwa zvinokonzerwa nemafuta, somuenzaniso aluminium fluoride (Na ₃ AlF ₆ ), anoshandiswa se electrolyte mu smelting yesimbi aluminium. Mhinduro ye gaseous hydrogen fluoride mumvura inonzi hydrofluoric acid, iyo yakawanda iyo inoshandiswa pakuchenesa midziyo uye nekuputira, zvichiita girazi richidonha kana kuti kuigadzira.

Iko yekusununguka iyo inowanikwa nema electrolytic procedures mukushaikwa kwemvura. Sezvo mutemo, vane maitiro e electrolysis echinyoro che potassium fluoride nehydrogen fluoride (muchiyero 1 kusvika ku5,5-5) pamatambo e 30-70, 80-120 kana 250 ° C. Penguva iyi, zvinyorwa zvehydrogen fluoride mu electrolyte zvinoderera, uye kutonhora kunoputika kunobuda. Nokudaro, zvinokosha kuti kuwedzera kwacho kunowanzoenderera mberi. Muimba yepamusoro-yekupisa, electrolyte inotsiviwa kana kutonhora kunopfuura 300 ° C. Fluoride inogona kuchengetedzwa zvakachengetedzwa pasi pekumanikidzwa mune zvishongo zvisingagadziri zvigadziri kana magiravha emagetsi asingasviki maitiro ezvinhu.

Shandisa

Icho chinhu chinoshandiswa kubudisa zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana, zvakadai seklorine trifluoride (ClF ₃ ), sulfur hexafluoride (SF ₆ ) kana cobalt trifluoride (CoF ₃ ). Mishonga ye chlorine uye cobalt inokosha kuisa fluorinating magumi ezvinokonzerwa nemakemikari. (Kana zvakakodzera kudzivirira zviri munzvimbo, fluorine inogona kushandiswa zvakananga pane izvi). Sulfur hexafluoride inoshandiswa segaseous dielectric.

Elemental fluorine, inowanzosvibiswa ne nitrogen, inopindirana neydrocarboni kuti iumbe mafirigonikoni anokwana ayo chikamu kana kuti yose ye hydrogen inotsiviwa ne halogen. Izvozvo zvakagadzirwa, sezvinotonga, zvinoratidzwa nekusimudzika kwakasimba, makemikari asina simba, kukwirira kwemagetsi, pamwe chete nezvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha zve physicochemical.

Kushambidzika kunogonawo kuitwa kuburikidza nekurapa makemikari ezvimiti ne cobalt trifluoride (CoF ₃ ) kana kushandura mafungiro avo mune anhydrous hydrogen fluoride. Purasitiki inobatsira isina maitiro, zvakadai sa polytetrafluoroethylene [(CF ₂ CF ₂ ) _x ], inozivikanwa pasi pezita rekutengeserana Teflon, inobva pane unsaturated fluorinated hydrocarbons.

Zvinhu zvinokonzerwa nemakemikari ane chlorine, bromine kana iodini inofungidzirwa kuti ibudise zvinhu zvakadai se dichlorodifluoromethane (Cl ₂ CF ₂ ), friji inenge yakashandiswa zvakanyanya mumisha yefriji uye air conditioners. Sezvo chlorofluorocarbons, dzakadai saDichlorodifluoromethane, inotora basa rinoita mukuderera kwehuzone ye ozone, kugadzirwa kwavo uye kushandiswa kwave kusingagumi, uye ikozvino kushandiswa kwefrijiji ine hydrofluorocarbons inosarudzwa.

Icho chinoshandiswawo kubudisa uranium hexafluoride (UF ₆ ), inoshandiswa mumagetsi kuparadzanisa nzira yekuparadzanisa uranium-235 kubva kuranium-238 mukugadzirwa kwenyika yenyukireya. Hydrofluoric acid uye boron trifluoride (BF ₃ ) inobudiswa pamagetsi ehurumende, sezvo iine maitiro akanaka ekushandurwa kwe-alkylation inoshandiswa kubudisa akawanda akawanda emiti. Sodium fluoride inowanzowedzerwa kunwa mvura yekunwa kuitira kuti kuderedza kuitika kwezino kuora muvana. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura, kushandiswa kwe fluoride mishonga mumishonga yemishonga uye zvekurima zvakanyanya kukosha. Kusarudzwa kushandiswa kwefluoride kunoshamisa kunoshandura hupenyu hwezvinhu.

Analysis

Izvo zvakaoma kunyatsorondedzera kuwanda kweiyo halogen muzvikamu. Free fluorine, iyo valence iyo yakaenzana ne1, inogona kuonekwa nekusanganiswa kwayo kwe mercury Hg + F ₂ → HgF ₂ , uyewo nekuyera kuwedzera kwe mercury kuoma uye kuchinja kwehuwandu hwegesi. Maitiro makuru ehutano hwekuvapo kwezvinhu ions i:

• Kuchinja kwehydrogen fluoride pasi pesimba re sulfuric acid,
• Maumbirwo echinyorwa che calcium fluoride nekuwedzerwa kwechinangwa che calcium chloride,
• Kugadziriswa kwejena mhinduro ye titanium tetraoxide (TiO ₄ ) uye hydrogen peroxide mu sulfuric acid.

Nhamba yezviyero zvekuongorora:

• Kuparara kwe calcium fluoride muhupo hwe sodium carbonate uye kurapwa kwechidimbu neAactic acid,
• Kupera kwekutungamirira chlorofluoride nekuwedzera kwe sodium chloride uye kutungamirira nitrate,
• Titration (kugadzirisa kwemajeri e-solute) nemhinduro ye thorium nitrate (Th [NO ₃ ] ₄ ) uchishandisa sodium alizarine sulfonate sechiratidzo: Th (NO ₃ ) ₄ + 4KF ↔ ThF ₄ + 4KNO ₃ .

Yakabatana yakasungwa fluorine (valence I), semuenzaniso, mumafororocarboni, zvakaoma kuongorora. Izvi zvinoda chidimbu nesimbi inonzi sodium inoteverwa nekuongorora kweF ^- ions, sezvinotsanangurwa pamusoro apa.

Element Properties

Pakupedzisira, tinopa zvimwe zvinhu zve fluorine:

• Atomic nhamba: 9.
• Atomic weight: 18,9984.
• Zvichida fluorine valences: 1.
• Nhamba yakanyunguduka: -219.62 ° C.
• Dhikirai: -188 ° C.
• Kuwedzera (1 atm, 0 ° C): 1.696 g / l.
• Purogiramu yemagetsi ye fluorine: 1s ² 2s ² 2p ⁵ _.