Zvisikwa zvipenyu: habitat. Zvisikwa zvipenyu, izvo zvinowanikwa zvachose

Pasi penzvimbo iyi inonzwisiswa nzvimbo inoshandiswa nezvisikwa zvipenyu kuti zvivepo. Nokudaro, nheyo yacho ine ukama hwakananga nemubvunzo webasa rinokosha rehupi. Kune mhando ina dzekugara, nekuwedzera, kune zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoshandura kunze kwemasimba, saka dzinodawo kufungwa.

Tsanangudzo

Saka, nzvimbo ipi yemhuka? Iyo tsanangudzo yakaonekwa muzana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe - mumabasa emukuru weRussia physistist Sechenov. Zvose zvipenyu zvinogara zvichipindirana neenharaunda dzakapoteredza, iyo yakasarudzwa kudana nzvimbo. Basa rayo nderomunhu mumwechete. Kune rumwe rutivi, mararamiro ese ehupenyu anobatana nayo zvakananga - saka mhuka dzinogamuchira zvokudya, dzinoshandiswa nemamiriro ekunze, kusarudzwa kwezvisikwa. Kune rumwe rutivi, hupenyu hwavo hunoita zvisingaiti zvishoma pane zvakatipoteredza, nenzira dzakawanda kurondedzera. Zvirimwa zvinowedzera kuenzana kweokisijeni nemumvuri ivhu, mhuka dzinoita kuti dziwedzere kunetseka. Anenge chero shanduko chero ipi zvayo inokonzera zvipenyu. Iyi nzvimbo inoda kudzidza zvakakwana nemunhu wese anoda kuve neruzivo rwehupenyu. Zvinokoshawo kuziva kuti vamwe vanhu vanogona kurarama mumamiriro akasiyana. MaAmphibians anoberekerwa mumamiriro ekumvura, uye nguva yechando uye kudya kunowanikwa pasi. Nyuchi dzinogara mumhepo dzinowanzodikanwa nevhu kana mvura yekuberekazve.

Symbiosis uye parasitism

Zvinotoshamisa kuti nzvimbo yezvipfuwo inogona kugadzirirwa kune zvipenyu zvemwe mhuka. Saka, mukati memunhu pane uko kune marudzi ose evamiriri ve microflora, uye dzimwe nguva protozoa pamwe chete nemapuranga kana akapoteredza. Kushandiswa kweimwe sechiitiko nehumwe humwe mamiriro ezvinhu akajairika aivepo panguva yose yekushanduka-shanduka. Iko kune zvisizvo pasina mhando dzakasiyana dzemhuka dzisingabviri mishonga. Mune basa ravo ndezvenharaunda, amoeba, infusoria. Panyaya yezvakaitika izvi, zvakakosha kudzidza kusiyanisa pakati peparasitism uye symbiosis. Muchiitiko chekutanga, nzvimbo yezvikara inoshandiswa kukuvadza mhuka yavari mairi. Zvipembenene zvinorarama chete pamutengo we tenzi wavo, pasina kumuuraya. Kushushikana chinhu chinobatsira kugara kumativi ose, izvo hazvingounisi matambudziko uye zvinotungamirira chete kuti zvibatsirwe.

Mvura

Nzvimbo yemvura inokwana zvose zvegungwa, makungwa, mazaya uye mvura yakadzika yepasi redu, iyo inonzi hydrosphere, kunze kwenguva, dzimwe nguva inosanganisirawo Antarctic yechando, mvura yepasi uye izvo zviri mune zvipenyu. Inobata zvinopfuura makumi manomwe kubva muzana zvepasi pose nehukuru hukuru mumakungwa nemakungwa. Mvura chikamu chinokosha chechiosphere, kwete chete miviri yemvura, asiwo mweya uye ivhu. Kune chero mhuka ipi zvayo inokosha kuti ipone. Uyezve, ndiro mvura inoparadzanisa Nyika kubva kumapuraneti akavakidzani. Mukuwedzera, akaita basa rinokosha pakuvandudzwa kwehupenyu. Inounganidza zvinhu zvakasikwa uye zvisikwa, zvinopisa kupisa, zvinoumba mamiriro ekunze uye zvinowanikwa mumasero emhuka uye masero. Ndicho chikonzero nzvimbo yezvemvura ndiyo imwe yeiyo inonyanya kukosha.

Air

Kusanganiswa kwegasi, iyo inoumba mhepo yePasi, inobata basa rinokosha kune zvipenyu zvose. Mhepo yemhepo yakarongedza kushanduka, sezvo okisijeni inoumba yakakura metabolism, iyo inogadzirisa hurongwa hwemapfupa ekufema uye yemvura-munyu metabolism system. Kuwanda kwevanhu, kuumbwa, kunhuhwa - izvi zvose zvine kukosha kwakanyanya kwepasi. Oxygen yakaumbwa makore mabhiriyoni maviri akapfuura mukushanda kwemhepo, uye shure kwekugoverwa kwayo mumhepo kwakaramba kuchiwedzera. Nhasi mamiriro evanhu anozivikanwa nezvikamu makumi maviri nezviviri zvezvakanyorwa izvi. Chimwe chikamu chakakosha chawo ndeye ozone, iyo isingabvumiri miviri ye ultraviolet kuti ifike pasi pevhu. Pasina iyo, hupenyu hwepasi hunogona kuparadzwa. Iye zvino, nzvimbo yakachengeteka yevanhu iri pasi pekutyisidzira - ozone yakatsetseka inoparadzwa nekuda kwezvinhu zvisina kunaka zvakatipoteredza. Izvi zvinokonzera kudiwa kwekuziva maitiro uye kusarudzwa kusingaperi kwezvakanakisisa kwete kwete chete kuvanhu, asiwo zveNyika zvinogadziriswa.

Soil

Munyika muno mune zvipenyu zvakawanda. Nzvimbo iyi inoshandiswawo nemiti inoshanda sechikafu chezvinhu zvipenyu zvepasi. Hazvibviri kutsanangura zvisingazivikanwi kana ivhu risina hupenyu huri hupenyu, saka inonzi chimiro chebiocosm. Maererano neshoko, icho chinhu chinoshandiswa mukugadzirisa basa rinokosha rezvipenyu. Nzvimbo yevhu inoumbwa nehutu hwakasimba, kusanganisira jecha, ivhu, matope ematope; Liquid component; Gaseous mweya; Arive - ichi chisikwa, vagari varo, marudzi ose e microorganisms, invertebrates, mabhakitiriya, fungi, zvipembenene. Kune matani mashanu emhando dzakadaro pahekta imwe neimwe yenyika. Nzvimbo yevhu inenge iri pakati pemvura nenyika-mhepo, saka zvipenyu zvinogara mairi zvinowanzosiyana mumhando yakabatana yokufema. Iwe unogona kusangana nezvisikwa zvakadaro kunyange pahupamhi hunoshamisa.

Kuwirirana kwezvipenyu uye zvakatipoteredza

Munhu mumwe nomumwe akasiyana nezvisikwa zvisina upenyu nekuvapo kwe metabolism uye sangano remasero. Kuwirirana nemamiriro ezvinhu kunoitika nguva dzose uye kunofanira kuidzidzwa mumatambudziko nekuda kwekuoma kweizvi. Zvose zvipenyu zvakananga zvichienderana nezvinoitika zviripo. Iyo nzvimbo yepasi-mhepo yevanhu inokurudzira iyo nekudonhorera, ivhu nemamiriro ehutambo. Mimwe yemitambo iyi inobatsira muviri, vamwe havana hanya, uye zvimwe zvinokuvadza. Munhu wose ane tsanangudzo yakasiyana. Semuenzaniso, homeostasis ndiyo nguva inowanikwa mukati, iyo inoparadzanisa zvisikwa zvipenyu. Habitat inogona kuchinja, iyo inoda kushandiswa - kufamba, kukura, kubudirira. Metabolism - inonzi metabolism, inopindirana nemagadzirirwo emakemikari, sekufema. Chemosynthesis ndiyo nzira yekusika mashizha evanhu kubva kune sulfuri kana kuti nitrogen. Pakupedzisira, zvakakosha kukuyeuka tsanangudzo yenyika. Ichi ndicho chigadziro chekushandurwa kwechimiro, chakakonzerwa nezvose zviitiko zvekugara kwemakore ose ekuvapo kwayo.

Environmental factors

Kuti unzwisise zviri nani nezvehupenyu hwehupenyu, zvinokoshawo kuti udzidze tsanangudzo iyi. Zvinhu zvinokonzerwa nehutachiona zvinhu zvakaoma zvezvakatipoteredza izvo zvine chokuita nemuviri mhenyu. Izvo zvakaparadzaniswa maererano nehutano hwakaoma mukati mezvidimbu. Kugadziriswa kwavari kwomuviri kunonzi kushandiswa, uye kuratidzika kwaro kwekunze, kuratidzira zvikonzero zvezvakatipoteredza, kunonzi maitiro ehupenyu.

Nutrients

Iyi ndeimwe yemhando yezvakatipoteredza zvinokanganisa zvisikwa zvipenyu. Nzvimbo yacho ine salt uye zvikamu zvinouya nemvura uye zvokudya. Biogenic ndiyo iyo inofanirwa muhuwandu hwemuviri. Somuenzaniso, inonzi phosphorus, inokosha pakuumbwa kweprotoplasm, uye nitrogen, iyo inowanikwa yeprotein molecules. Imwe yekutanga ndiyo mhuka yakafa uye matombo, uye yechipiri-mhepo yakadzika. Kushayikwa kwephosphorus kunobata hupenyu hunoita zvakasimba sekusava nemvura. Zvishoma zvakaderera zvakakosha kune zvikamu zvakadai se calcium, potasium, magnesium uye sulfuri. Yokutanga inofanirwa kubhomba nemapfupa. Potassium inopa basa remagetsi emagetsi uye kukura kwezvirimwa. Magnesium inopinda mumakemikari eklorophyll uye ribosomes, uye sulfur inopinda ma amino acid uye mavitamini.

Abhiotic zvinhu zvezvakatipoteredza

Kune mamwe maitiro anobata zvipenyu zvipenyu. Nzvimbo inosanganisira zvinhu zvakadai sechiedza, mamiriro okunze uye akafanana, ayo ari kududzira biotic. Pasina ivo, zvirongwa zvekufuridzira uye photosynthesis, metabolism, nguva dzekufamba, kuwedzera kwezvipfuwo zvakawanda hazvigoneki. Chokutanga pane zvose, chiedza chinokosha. Inofunga nezvehurefu hwayo, hukuru uye nguva yekutsvaga. Nezveiyo, sangano rose rakasiyana, iro rinodzidzwa ne biology. Nzvimbo, yakazara nechiedza, inoda heliophyte - mhashu uye mashizha, masora, tundra mbeu. Nharaunda dzino dzinoda mumvuri, dzinosarudza kurarama pasi pedenga remusango - idzi dzinomera masango. Optional heliophytes inogona kugadzirisa chero mamiriro ezvinhu: iri kirasi rinosanganisira miti, strawberries, geraniums. Chinhu chisina kukosha ndicho chekushisa. Zvose zvipenyu zvine rumwe rutivi, rwakasununguka hupenyu. Mvura, kuvapo kwemakemikari muvhu uye kunyange moto - izvi zvose zvinoshandiswawo kune dhiotic sphere.

Biotic factors

Nzvimbo yepasi-mhepo yakazadzwa nezvisikwa zvipenyu. Kushamwaridzana kwavo pakati pavo pachavo chinhu chakakosha kudzidza. Izvo zvakakosha kuparadzanisa zviviri zvakakosha zvemarongerwo emagetsi. Kubatana kunogona kuva phytogenic. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mbeu uye michina inobatanidza mumwe nemumwe uye zvisikwa zvinopindira mukugadzirisa. Semuenzaniso, kupindirana kwemidzi, kupora kwemiti yemizambiringa pamiti, symbiosis yemagumbe uye mabhakitiriya anogara pane tubers. Rudzi rwechipiri nderimwe zvoogenic. Iyi ndiyo migumisiro yemhuka. Izvi zvinosanganisira kudya, kuparadzira mbeu, kuparadza bark, kuparadza miti, kuderedza masango, kuendesa zvirwere.

Anthropogenic factor

Mvura, mhepo kana nzvimbo dzenyika inogara ichibatanidzwa nemabasa evanhu. Vanhu vari kushingaira kuchinja nyika yakavapoteredza, zvikuru kukurudzira maitiro ayo. Anthropogenic zvinhu zvinosanganisira chimwe nechimwe chinokonzerwa nezvisikwa, nzvimbo kana hupenyu. Inogona kuve yakananga, kana ichitungamirirwa kune vanhu vari kurarama: somuenzaniso, kuvhima kusina kunaka uye kubata hove kunoderedza nhamba yemamwe marudzi. Imwe nzira ndeyekusaziva, kana munhu achichinja nzvimbo, mamiriro okunze, mhepo nemvura, uye hurongwa hwevhu. Kunyatsoziva kana kusaziva, munhu anoparadza mhando dzemhuka dzakawanda kana mbeu, achirima vamwe. Saka kune nzvimbo itsva. Kunewo dzimwe nguva mhando dzemigumisiro, yakadai sokukurumidza kuunza zvisikwa zvipenyu nematoro, kusina kukodzera kwemahombekombe, kusikwa kwemadzimai, kupararira kwezvipembenene. Zvisinei, vamwe vanhu vanofa uye pasina kubatanidzwa kwevanhu, saka kupomera vanhu pamusoro pezvinetso zvepakati pezvakatipoteredza hazvina kururama.

Zvinokanganisa zvinhu

Zvose zvinokonzerwa nemafungiro ezvisikwa kubva kumativi ose, zvinoratidzika muzvidimbu zvakasiyana. Dzimwe nguva zvinhu zvinokosha ndizvo izvo zvinodiwa mumutengo wakaderera. Saizvozvowo, mutemo unononoka wakagadzirwa. Anofunga kuti kushaya simba kunowanikwa mumaketani ezvido zvemuviri ndekutsungirira kwaro. Nokudaro, kana iri muvhu kune zvikamu zvose, kunze kwechimwe, zvakakosha pakukura - kukohwa kuchava kwakaipa. Kana iwe uchingowedzera chete izvo zvisipo, uchisiye vamwe vose muhuwandu hwakafanana - zvichava nani. Kana iwe ukawedzera mamwe ose, usina kugadzirisa kushayikwa, hapana kuchinja kuchaitika. Chinhu chiripo chiripo mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro chichava chinhu chinopera. Zvisinei, zvakakosha kuti uone kuwanda kwemaitiro. Anotsanangura mutemo wekushivirira Shelford, uchiratidza kuti kune imwe nzvimbo yakasiyana iyo iyo inogona kuramba ichibatsira muviri, kunze kweiyo, inokuvadza. Mamiriro ezvinhu akakodzera anonzi nzvimbo yepamusoro, uye kukanganisa kunowanzobva kunonzi kudzvinyirirwa. Maximums uye minima yemigumisiro inonzi mazita ekurwisana, kunze kwekuti kuve kwechimiro hakusi nyore. Dhigirii dzekuregerera kune idzi kana mamiriro acho ezvinhu dzakasiyana kune umwe neumwe uri mupenyu uye anobvumira kuzvitaurira kune zvimwe zvishoma kana zvishoma.