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Meiosis uye zvikamu zvaro. Kuzivikanwa kwezvikamu zve meiosis. Kuberekwa kwezvipenyu. Kufanana kwemasosis uye meiosis
About zvipenyu, zvinozivikanwa kuti kufema, kudya, bereka uye kufa, ndizvo basa kwavakabva. Asi nokuda chii zvose zviri kuitika? Tichiregeredza Dzokuvaka - masero, idzo kufema, kudya, bereka uye kufa. Asi izvi zvinoitika sei?
Sechivako muchitokisi
It rinoumbwa nezvidhinha, mabhuroko kana matanda. Uye muviri inogona rakakamurwa zvokutanga dzakabatana - masero. All kusiyana zvipenyu kuri nokuda kwavo, musiyano nhema chete nokuwanda uye mhando. Zvinosanganisira tsandanyama, mapfupa, ganda, nhengo dzomukati - zvikuru avo akasiyana kugadzwa kwavo. Asi pasinei mashandiro anoitwa mumwe kana mumwe muchitokisi, vose vari akaronga pamusoro chete. Chokutanga, chero "zvidhinha" ane goko uye akaiswa mukati cytoplasm pamwe organelles ayo. Vamwe masero havana nuclei, dzinonzi prokaryotic, asi zvakawanda kana zvishoma pokumuka zvipenyu riine eukaryotic ndine mwoyo umo majini ruzivo inochengeterwa.
Organelles riri cytoplasm, muri zvakasiyana-siyana uye anonakidza, yavanobata zvinokosha mabasa. In mhuka masero secrete endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, mitochondria, Golgi midziyo, centrioles, lysosomes uye propulsion zvinhu. Navo vauye zvose kwemasayendisiti kuti pave nokushanda kwenhengo dzomuviri.
sero basa
Sezvo kare akataura, Feeds zvose mhenyu, anofema, reproduces uye anofa. Izvi ichokwadi zvose yose muviri, kureva, vanhu, mhuka, zvinomera uye zvichingodaro. D., Uye masero. Zvinoshamisa, asi mumwe nomumwe "zvidhinha" ane upenyu wayo. Nokuda organelles dzayo anogamuchira uye recycle zvinovaka muviri, okisijeni, anobvisa zvose zvakawandisa panze. Iye cytoplasm uye endoplasmic reticulum basa chokufambisa basa, mitochondria vane mutoro kusanganisira kufema, uyewo simba kuchengeteka. Golgi zvakaoma munyaya kuunganidza uye goho masero tsvina. Vamwe organelles dzinoitawo kunzwisisa kwemasayendisiti. Uye pane imwe padanho muchitokisi upenyu kutenderera anotanga kugovera, ipapo muitiro wokuberekana. Zvakakodzera kufunga zvizere.
Muitiro foni weboka
Pamuviri - mumwe nzendo pakukura chipenyu muviri. Izvi zvinoshandawo masero. Pane imwe pavaipfuura upenyu kutenderera vari vanobatanidzwa mamiriro pazvinenge vakagadzirira ruchikonzera. masero Prokaryotic kungoti yakakamurwa nepakati, akawedzera, uye ipapo ropedzisira chipingamupinyi. Izvi zviri nyore uye akapotsa vainyatsonzwisisa nomuenzaniso tsvimbo serin'i utachiona.
Sezvo masero eukaryotic zvinhu zvikuru kuoma. Ivo dzinoberekera dzakasiyana matatu, anonzi amitosis, mitosis uye meiosis. Mumwe nomumwe panzira idzi ine maitiro ayo, zviri tinoberekwa imwe mhando muchitokisi. amitosis
Dzimwe nguva zvakananga kupesana akapora sezvo mufananidzo mitosis, asi mamwe masayendisiti anodavira chinhu yoga mashandiro. Nzira iyi, kunyange iri mumasero akare hariwanikwi. Next ichakurukurwa meiosis uye ayo maitikiro, mitosis muitiro uyewo kufanana uye kusiyana pakati nzira idzi. Tichienzanisa mano kupesana ivo zvikuru kunzwisisa uye akaoma. Izvi ichokwadi rutapudzo nekupesana kunyanya, saka kuti maitikiro ose meiosis unhu ndiyo hwakadzama.
Basa rinokosha muchitokisi nokupesana vari centrioles - zvakananga organelles, makhiriniki pedyo Golgi zvakaoma. mamiriro neimwe ine microtubules 27 dzikarongwa mu threes. The mamiriro wose ane cylindrical chimiro. The centrioles dzinoshanda paumbwe chokurukisa masero nedanho kunanga weboka, izvo huchakurukurwa.
mitosis
Ya muchitokisi zvinosiyana. Vamwe vanorarama pezvizuva, asi vamwe zvinogona kunzi-refu refu, nekuti kwavo zvinhu zvakakwana kunoitika chaizvo kashoma. Uye zvinenge zvose masero aya bereka Via mitosis. Vazhinji vavo pakati weboka nguva yakanga Paavhareji maawa 10-24. Mitosis pachayo ane nzvimbo duku nguva - ari mhuka inenge 0.5-1
Kukosha ichi mhando weboka riri guru - izvi kunobatsira kukura uye panoda munyama apo pane kusimudzira yose muviri. Uyezve, zviri hwaro mitosis asexual kubereka. Uye chimwe - sangano masero uye yaitsiva kare usingachashandi. Saka, tinotenda kuti nokuti chokuti meiotic Danho kuoma, ipapo basa racho zvikuru yepamusoro chakaipa. Vaviri azvaiitwa vaine mabasa uye kwavo kunokosha uye irreplaceable.
Mitosis ine zvikamu zvinoverengeka, zvakasiyana kwavo morphological zvinhu. The mamiriro umo muchitokisi ari kugadzirira kunanga nokupesana, akadana interphase, uye muitiro pachayo yakakamurwa 5 matanho, izvo zvinofanira kufungwa zvizere.
Maitikiro ose mitosis
Paaiva interphase Sero anogadzirira kutozopesanisa kubatana kwetunhu DNA nemapurotini. Danho rino rakakamurwa akawanda, umo mune kukura yose marongerwo uye chromosome doubling. In mamiriro ichi, sero inogara kusvika 90% yose upenyu yatinofema.
The yasara 10% Zvinoda zvakananga nokupesana rakakamurwa 5 matanho. At mitosis zvirimwa masero ari pakabudiswawo Preprophase ndiro ndisipo dzimwe zviitiko zvose. The kuumbwa zvivako zvitsva, chinoumba vanonzwira pakati. Kuvakwa preprophase bhendi, maka yaida nzvimbo ramangwana kupesana.
In dzimwe masero mitosis kwacho kuri sezvinotevera:
Table 1
| Danho zita | mamiriro |
| prophase | The tsanga rinokura kukura, izvozvo spiralizuyutsya okutodza zvava kuonekwa nemaikorosikopu. The cytoplasm aumbwa kupesana chokurukisa. Kazhinji pane disintegration pamusoro nucleolus, asi haugari kuitika. Zviri majini zvinhu muchitokisi anoramba kuzochinja. |
| prometaphase | Pane disintegration pamusoro Kamudzira yenyukireya. Okutodza vanotanga kuputika asi ita mhirizhonga kufamba. Pakupedzisira, vose vanouya kuna metaphase hwendefa ndege. Danho iri rinotora kwemaminitsi 20. |
| metaphase | The okutodza vanosarudzirwa achitevedza Equatorial ndege yacho chokurukisa pamusoro equidistant kubva matanda maviri. Kuwanda microtubules, wakabata rose chivako mudanga ezvinhu, kunosvika vaifanira. Sister chromatids dzinga mumwe, tichiramba kubatana kuti centromere. |
| anaphase | Pfupi Danho. Chromatids vanoparadzaniswa uye dzinga mumwe nenzira iri pedyo nematanda. Izvi unowanzonzi kure yoga anaphase A. Uyezve pane kusawirirana kukamuka namatanda pachavo. Masero mamwe nyore weboka chokurukisa saka kunowedzera pakureba kusvikira 15 nguva. Uye ichi Sub-danho rinonzi anaphase B. kureba uye kutevedzana kwezviitiko pezvakaitwa Panguva iyi shanduka. |
| telophase | Mushure kuvhara kuti wausina matanda siyana chromatids mira. Decondensation okutodza kunoitika, kureva, ivo kuwedzera kukura. Rinotanga vavakezve renyukireya anoshongwa zveramangwana mwanasikana masero. Microtubule chokurukisa kunyangarika. Kuvakwa cores Tinoenderera mberi RNA usage. |
Pashure pokupedza panoparadzana majini mashoko cytokinesis kunoitika kana cytokinesis. Iri izwi rinoreva paumbwe mitumbi masero mwanasikana kubva mumuviri ramai. Saka organelles unowanzoonekwa chakakamurwa nepakati, kunyange zvazvo pangava kunze, kuti partition aumbwa. Cytokinesis ari kungogara ari oga chokutambudzika, sezvinoita mutemo, achifunga izvozvo sechikamu telophase.
Saka, muna zvinofadza zvikuru pezvakaitwa chokuita okutodza kuti itakurwe magene mashoko. Chii uye nei richikosha?
About okutodza
Kunyange pasina kuva zvishoma pfungwa genetics, vanhu vaiziva kuti vakawanda yepamusoro vana pasina vabereki vavo. With kukura zvipenyu, zvakava pachena kuti pane muviri ichi kana kuti ruzivo inochengetwa muchitokisi chimwe nechimwe, uye chikamu riri pana zvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi.
Pakupera kwezana remakore rechi19 rakanga rakawanikwa okutodza - hurongwa rinoumbwa refu
chromosome mamiriro panguva vari pachena kuoneka, iri nyore - ndivo chromatids vaviri vakabatana pakati centromere. Zviri dzakananga kutevedzana kwezviitiko nucleotides uye inoita basa rinokosha muchitokisi kuwanda. Pakupedzisira chromosome anotarisa prophase uye metaphase, kana zvingava zvakanaka kuona, afanane tsamba H.
Muna 1900 zvakanzi yakawanikwa mitemo Mendel vake, achirondedzera zviga nokupfuuridzirwa nhaka unhu. Ipapo zvakava pachena kuti mashoko okutodza - ichi chinhu nako majini mashoko Kutamiswa. Mune ramangwana, masayendisiti yaiitisa nhevedzano kuedza kuzviratidza. Zvino yakava nyaya yokudzidza uye matambudziko pavari ane buyout sero kupesana.
meiosis
Kusiyana uku mashandiro mitosis pakupedzisira inotungamirira kuti paumbwe maviri masero ane seti okutodza 2 nguva duku pane yepakutanga. Saka pfungwa meiosis ndiyo Pasika achichinja kubva diploid kuti haploid, sezvamakaropafadzwa kutanga
Meiosis aro maitikiro vakadzidza masayendisiti zvakadai yakakurumbira sezvo V. Fleming, E. Strasburgrer VI Belyaev nevamwe. Kudzidza kwacho iri mumasero zvose zvinomera nemhuka, achiri kuenda mberi - saka rakaoma. Pakutanga, izvi kunoonekwa sechinhu musiyano pakati mitosis Zvisinei, anenge pakarepo pashure pakuvhurwa achiri oga ave yoga mashandiro. Zvinoitwa meiosis wayo yokungotaura ukoshi vakatanga zvakakwana kurondedzerwa Augustus WiseMan muna 1887. Kubvira ipapo, kudzidza meiosis kwacho mberi zvikuru, asi zvakawanikwa usati akapikisa.
Meiosis harifaniri kuvhiringidzwa utachiona mutsetse, kunyange zvazvo vose pezvakaitwa zvine chokuita. In paumbwe dzepabonde masero, vose zvigadziriswe zvinobatanidzwa, asi pane zvimwe misiyano zvikuru pakati pavo. Meiosis kunoitika mumatanho maviri weboka, chimwe nechimwe chine mukuru maitikiro mana, vane pfupi kumbozorora pakati pavo. Nguva yose muitiro kunoenderana uwandu DNA iri musimboti uye nemamiriro chromosomal sangano. Kazhinji, zviri zvikuru kare zvichienzaniswa mitosis.
Sezvineiwo, rimwe zvinokonzeresawo inokosha mhando kusiyana - kuti meiosis. Set okutodza pamusana rutapudzo weboka iri muzvikamu zviviri, zvokuti pane mubatanidzwa mutsva majini, kunyanya vanokwanisa kuwedzera anochinjika uye kukwanisa kuchinja kuti zvinenge, semubairo kugamuchira mumwe unhu uye unhu.
Maitikiro ose meiosis
Sezvambotaurwa, kune rutapudzo-sero weboka iri conventionally rakakamurwa muzvikamu zviviri. Mumwe nemumwe mumatanho izvi yakakamurwa 4. Kunyange muchikamu chokutanga meiosis - prophase, iniwo, dziya mu yoga 5 nzendo. Sezvo kudzidza iyi mberi, zvinogona voga uye nevamwe mune ramangwana. Zvino kusiyanisa zvinotevera maitikiro ose meiosis:
Table 2
| Danho zita | mamiriro |
| weboka rokutanga (Kuderedza) | |
prophase I | |
| leptotena | Mune imwe nzira, Danho iri rinonzi padariro shinda yakanaka. The okutodza kuoneka nemaikorosikopu somunhu tangle. Proleptotenu dzimwe nguva emit kana munhu hungiso achiri zvakaoma kunzwisisa. |
| zygote | Step akakonzera kubatana kwe filaments. Homologous, kuti zvakafanana nomumwe Morphology uye majini, peya okutodza coalesce. Nokufamba kwemapazi, kureva conjugation vakaumba bivalents kana tetrads. Saka akadana zvakarurama kugadzikana zvivako zviri maviri okutodza. |
| naPaquita | Step gobvu filaments. Panguva iyi pavaipfuura spiralizuyutsya chromosome DNA kuberekana uye miromo vakaumba chiasma - kuonana pfungwa zvikamu okutodza - chromatids. Kuenda Chirongwa vaiyambuka. Okutodza vari vayambuka uye vakashandura nzvimbo yokugara mashoko. |
| diplotene | Uyewo zvakanga akadana Danho kaviri tambo. Homologous chromosome bivalents dzinga mumwe uye kuramba zvakabatanidzwa chete chiasm. |
| diakinesis | Panguva iyi bivalents diverge panguva arikunze yacho musimboti. |
| metaphase I | Musimboti goko collapses kuumbwa kupesana chokurukisa. Bivalents vakatamira nechepakati sero uye zvinozadzisa achitevedza Equatorial ndege. |
| anaphase I | Bivalents Zvaparara, pakwakanga neimwe chromosome pamusoro vaviri vanonzwira pedyo padanda sero. Chromatid kuparadzana hakuitiki. |
| telophase I | Pfungwa chromosome panguva iyoyo. Ko paumbwe nomumwe nuclei ari mwanasikana masero, mumwe - a haploid yakatarwa. Okutodza dispiralized akaumba hamvuropu yenyukireya. Dzimwe nguva pane cytokinesis, kureva weboka sero muviri. |
| The Kupesana wechipiri (equational) | |
| prophase II | Mashoko okutodza condensation kunoitika, sero centre inokamukana. Ichaparadzwa hamvuropu renyukireya. Kuvakwa nekupesana chokurukisa, perpendicular kune wokutanga. |
| metaphase II | In nerimwe subsidiaries okutodza zvinozadzisa pamwe neequator muchitokisi. Mumwe nomumwe wavo ine chromatids maviri. |
| anaphase II | Mumwe chromosome rakakamurwa chromatids. zvikamu izvi diverge kune pakatarisana nematanda. |
| telophase II | The vakawana chromosome odnohromatidnye dispiralized. Kuvakwa hamvuropu yenyukireya. |
Saka, zviri pachena kuti maitikiro ose meiosis weboka iri kwakaoma kupfuura nedanho mitosis. Asi, sezvo kare ambotaurwa, izvi hazvina kuderedza zvipenyu basa kunanga weboka, nekuti vane zvakasiyana mabasa.
Panzira, meiosis uye ayo maitikiro vari kuchengetwa zvimwe nyore. Zvisinei, kazhinji kunosanganisira chimwe chete nokupesana. Zvinofungirwa kuti yakadaro chete-padanho fomu Papera yakatanga kuva ano, mbiri-danho.
Kusawirirana uye kufanana pakati mitosis uye meiosis
Pakutanga zvinoita sokuti musiyano pakati izvi pezvakaitwa maviri vari pachena, nokuti nzira yakasiyana zvachose. Zvisinei, zvakadzama ongororo inoratidza kuti akasiyana mitosis uye meiosis havasi kudaro yose, ivo pakupedzisira kutungamirira nokuumbwa masero matsva.
Chekutanga zvose zvakafanira kutaura zviri zvakafanana pakati zvigadziriswe izvi. Kutaura zvazviri mitambo chete maviri: iroro chokutambudzika kutevedzana, uyewo kuti
The Kusiyana zvikuru. Chokutanga, mitosis rinowanikwa mune masero somatic, apo meiosis hwakada chokuita paumbwe gametes uye sporogenesis. Maitikiro pamusoro pezvakaitwa pachavo havasi zvakakwana rienderane. Somuenzaniso, kuyambuka-uko mitosis kunoitika panguva interphase, uye ipapo kwete nguva dzose. Zvisinei, kana yechipiri, izvi anofanira anaphase kuti meiosis. Gene recombination mu kunanga nokupesana haisi kazhinji kuitwa, izvo zvinoreva kuti hazvina kutamba chero basa shanduka kuvandudzika Muviri kwerunyararo intra-rudzi kusiyana. Kuwanda zvichizoita masero mitotic - maviri, uye vari majini akafanana kune rwaamai pfungwa, uye vane diploid vanochengeta okutodza. Panguva meiosis zvakasiyana. Mugumisiro meiosis - 4 masero haploid, izvo vakasiyana mubereki. Uyezve, vose zvigadziriswe zvakasiyana-siyana pakureba, uye chokuita kwete chete kune musiyano kwenhamba weboka nhanho asiwo ya kunenge. Somuenzaniso, mashoko prophase kuti meiosis wokutanga runogara kwenguva refu, nekuti panguva ino hapana synapsis uye vaiyambuka. Ndokusaka zvatowedzera rakakamurwa muzvikamu akawanda.
Uchitikurudzira zvakafanana pakati mitosis uye meiosis zvakakwana diki zvichienzaniswa kusawirirana kwavo nepedyo. Paradzai azvaiitwa kwakaoma zvisingaiti. Saka zvino zvikuru kunyange kushamiswa kuti rutapudzo kupesana ndambodzidza zvakurukurwa rudzi mitosis.
Zvakaipira meiosis
Sezvambotaurwa, pashure nedanho meiosis pane masero rwaamai ane diploid chromosome akaisa mana haploid chimiro. Uye kana isu kutaura pamusoro kusiyana mitosis uye meiosis - ichi ndicho chinonyanya kukosha. Recovery of nhamba inodiwa, mune nyaya utachiona masero kunoitika pashure muchangosangana. Saka, rudzi rutsva nomumwe hariwanikwi uye uwandu okutodza kaviri.
Uyezve, munguva meiotic recombination kunoitika magene. Mukuita wokuberekana, ichi zvinotungamirira kwerunyararo intra-rudzi kusiyana. Saka chokwadi kuti kunyange hama nehanzvadzi dzimwe nguva yakasiyana chaizvo kubva mumwe - mugumisiro meiosis.
By munzira, kusabereka zvimwe VaNefirimu vari mhuka nyika - ndiyewo chinetso rutapudzo weboka. Chokwadi chokuti okutodza nevabereki kuva akasiyana marudzi haagoni kupinda conjugation saka, paumbwe mukuru-mugiredhi zvimwe utachiona masero hazvibviri. Saka, ndiko meiosis ndiyo hwaro shanduka kukura mhuka, zvinomera uye zvimwe zvinenge.
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