Zvinokambaira ... Amphibians uye zvinokambaira. Zvikara zvekare

Nyaya yenyaya ino ndeyekuputika. Zvisikwa, mhuka, nzvimbo, pamwe chete nedzimwewo chokwadi pamusoro pavo zvichaiswa mazviri.

Izwi rokuti "zvinokonzera" rinouya kubva muchiLatini izwi rinoreva kuti "kukwikwidza", "kukwira" mukushandura. Nokudaro chimiro chekufamba kwevamiririri vekirasi ino. Iko kunofanira kuonekwa, zvisinei, kuti hazvisi dzose zvinokambaira mhuka dzinogona kungokambaira. Kune avo vanomhanya zvakanaka, vanomhanyira, kushambira uye kunyange kubhururuka, vachironga semabhirikiti erwizi.

Zvikara zvekare

Mhuka idzi dzakararama kwenguva yakareba musati maonekwa sevanhu panyika yedu. Zvisikwa zvipenyu zvinogara pasi pano nhasi zvinongova zvinyorwa (zviduku zvakasara) zvevanhu vakasiyana-siyana uye vakapfuma mukirasi yapfuura. Iko mubvunzo wezvinokambaira, ruzivo rwakakura runosvika munguva yeMesozoic (anenge 230-67 mamiriyoni BC). Nhamba yakawanda yemafomu yaimiririrwa nemhuka dzakapfuura. Mamwe emarudzi avo aigara pasi. Zvinokwanisika kutarisa pakati pavo maitiro makuru e tarbosaurs uye giant herbivorous bronzosaurs. Vamwe, vakadai sevechthyosaurs, vaigara mumvura. Vamwe vaigona kubhururuka se shiri. Nyika inoshamisa yezvikara zvekare-kare haina kumbobvunzwa kusvika pakupedzisira. Pamwe munguva yemberi iri pedyo, masayendisiti achasangana nezvitsva.

Muna 1988, zvakasara zvezvikara zvinowanikwa muScotland. Maererano nenyanzvi, mamiriyoni 340 emakore apfuura izvi zvipenyu zvinogara. Yaiva, sezvazvakazoitika, yekare kare marudzi anozivikanwa ezvinokambaira zvezvisikwa nhasi. Mumuviri wavo wakanga wakareba 20.3 cm.

Mhuka yezvakapfuura zvekare

Kubva kumamphibians ekare, zvikara zvekare zvakaitika. Ichi chiitiko chaiva chiitiko chinotevera pakugadziriswa kuhupenyu kune nyika yezvinyorwa. Nhasi amphibians uye zvinokambaira zvinogara pamwe chete. MaAmphibian anonzi mamwe maAmphibians, uye zvinokambaira zvinokambaira.

Mapoka emazuva ano anotengesa

Zvipembenene (mazuva ano) zvinosanganisira maboka anotevera.

1. Crocodiles . Idzi ndidzo mhuka dzakakura dzine muviri wechiridzi. Izvo zvinongova makumi maviri nemaviri, zvinosanganisira zvikwekwe zvechokwadi, pamwe chete nemagadziri, zvipfeko uye zvipfeko.

2. Blueheads . Dzinomiririrwa nemhando imwechete yegatteria inonzi Sphenodon punctatus. Izvi zvinoputika (mufananidzo wemumwe wavo unoratidzwa pasi apa) mukuonekwa kwakafanana nemakungu makuru (kusvika kune 75 cm) ane muviri mukuru, mitezo mitanhatu yakareba uye misoro mikuru.

3. Scaly . Iri boka rezvikara zvinonyanya kuwanda. Inosanganisira 7600 marudzi. Izvi zvinosanganisira, semuenzaniso, mazzinza - boka rakawanda kwazvo rezvikara zvinobva kunezvino. Izvi zvinosanganisira: mazvu, iguana, cheshuenogi, skinks, agams, chameleons. Lizards - iyi boka rakasiyana rezvipfuwo, rinotungamirira mumuti mukuru wemararamiro. Zviyero zvakare zvinosanganisira nyoka - zvinokambaira zvisina mhosho, pamwe chete nemamphibian - zvisikwa zvine muviri wevermicular uye muswe mutsva, chiyeuchidzo chekuguma kwekunze kwekunze. VaAmphibian vanofanirwa kuita mararamiro ekuchera. Iyo inowanzosaoneka iri pamusoro. Izvo zvinokambaira zvakapedza hupenyu hwavo hwakawanda pasi pevhu kana mumasango emagetsi nemasvosve, ayo mafikira emhuka anopa. Kazhinji havana maoko. Vamiririri vemu-genus Bipe vane mambakwedza chete. Vanogona kufamba panyika vachimhanya uye muswe mberi. Nemhaka yeizvi, vanonziwo kaviri-musoro. "Amfisbenes" inoshandurwa kubva muchiGiriki se "kufamba mumativi maviri."

4. Rimwe boka riri turtles . Miviri yavo inobva pasi, kubva kumativi uye kubva kumusoro inopota mahombekombe. Ikojoka inosanganisira mimba (plastron) uye dorsal (carapace) nhoo, dzinosangana nefupa jumper kana tendon ligament. Turtles inenge inenge 300 mhando.

Pamwe pamwe nemhuka dzeshiri uye shiri, zvinokambaira zvakabatanidzwa mune rimwe boka rezvinyorwa zvepamusoro.

Ndezvipi zvinokambaira zvinorarama?

Vakawanda vavo vanotungamira mararamiro evanhu venyika. Izvi ndizvo zvisikwa zvinosarudza nzvimbo dzakatsvaira zuva dzakasununguka, kusanganisira madenga erenje asina gwenga asina gwenga. Zvisinei, mahombekombe mazhinji uye mhokwe dzose dzinorarama muhova, makungwa kana matongo. Dzimwe nyoka uye dzimwe nguruve dzinogarawo mumakungwa zvachose.

Rudzi rweRiptile, zvinosuruvarisa, ikozvino rinoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwematehwe ematehwe. Iyo inofanirwa zvikuru, uye nekuda kweizvi vazhinji vamiririri vezvikara zvinotambura. Ramangwana ravo riri mumaoko edu.

Habitat yemakona

Munyika dzose dzemahara dzinopararira mambure. Muzhinji, izvi zvinokambaira ndezvikara zvinogara mumvura ine matombo, makungwa nenzizi. Vanowanzopedza nguva yakawanda yezuva mumvura. Nyeredzi dzinoenda kumhenderekedzo yegungwa masikati mangwanani, uyewo kusvika manheru, kuitira kuti zvigadzike muzuva. Kumvura yemunyu yegungwa inobvumira zvishomanana zvezvipenyu zvavo. Nguruve iyi yakashambira ichienda kugungwa rakasununguka zvikuru-kure-kusvika 600 km kubva kugungwa.

Nzvimbo yezvibatanidza uye mazhenje

Gatteria nhasi inongochengetwa chete pazvitsuwa zvine matombo zviri pedyo neNew Zealand. Nzvimbo yakakosha yakasikwa pano nokuda kwavo.

Lizards dzinopararira pasi rose pasi, kunze kwemabhanhire anotonhora. Mhando imwe neimwe yemumakomo mumakomo inokwira kusvika kumugumo wechando chisingaperi, somuenzaniso, mumakomo eAraalayas - kusvika pakakwirira mamita mashanu kubva kumusoro kwegungwa. Mararamiro ehupenyu anotungamirirwa nerezards akawanda.

Zvisinei, vamwe vavo vanokwira miti kana mabhasi, somuenzaniso misoro. Vamwe vanogona kurarama nokusingaperi pamiti uye vanogona kukwanisa kuronga ndege. Agama neGeckos vanogara mumatombo vanogona kufamba pamwe nepamusoro. Uyezve, mamwe maruva anogara mumunda. Vanowanzove vasina maziso, uye miviri yavo inongororwa. Gungwa regungwa rinogara pedyo nemhepo yakasviba. Ane unyanzvi hwakanaka hwokushambira. Anopedza nguva yakawanda mumvura, anodya gungwa.

Ko nyoka nehove zvinogara kupi?

Nyoka, kunze kweNew Zealand, nzvimbo dze polar nedzimwe zviwi zvegungwa, dzinoparadzirwa kwose kwose pasi. Vose zvavo vanoshambira zvakanaka, kune zvimwe zvipenyu zvinenge zvese kana nguva yose inopedza mumvura. Idzi ndidzo nyoka dzegungwa. Miswe yawo inomanikidzwa kubva kumativi muchitsiko. Pamusana pekuchinjwa kwenyoka kumugwagwa wehupenyu, vamwe vavo vakaderedza maziso avo uye vakanyangarika pasi peshovo, uye vakapfupisa miswe yavo. Vane nyoka-nyoka uye mapofu.

Mvura yakachena nemitambo inowanika kune zviwi zvakawanda, uyewo kumakondinendi ose, kunze kweAntarctica. Nzvimbo dzavo dzekugara dzakasiyana chaizvo. Iyi ndiyo masango anotonhorera, mahombeji anopisa, nzizi, makungwa nemashamba, zvinotengeswa zvegungwa nemakungwa. Zvose zvipenyu zvegungwa zvegungwa zvinopedza mumvura. Vanoenda kumhenderekedzo chete kuti vaise mazai.

Iyo nyoka huru

Nyoka huru kubva kuzvino ndeye anacondas (inoratidzwa pamusoro apa) uye mesh pythons. Murefu vanosvika mamita gumi. MuEast Colombia, mufananidzo wevanaconda wakawanikwa, wakasiyana-siyana muhukuru - 11 m 43 cm.Abofu Brahmin ndiyo nyoka duku. Kureba kwayo hakuna kupfuura 12 cm.

Masikirwo emakonadi

Iyo yakawanda yemakona ndiyo muzinga uye Nile. Pakareba vanosvika mamiriyoni maviri mamiriyoni nemaviri evakadzi uye 1.5 m yevarume ndiyo yakakura yehupenyu hurefu hwema-caiman anotsvedza, zviduku pakati pezvimwe mhuka.

Turu huru uye duku kuduku

Iyo yakakura kupfuura yose yemazuva ano turtles iganda regungwa. Kureba kwayo kunogona kudarika 2 mamita. MuBrithani, pamahombekombe muna 1988, chitunha chemurume weiyo turtle mhuka yakawanikwa , iine hupamhi hwe 2.77 m uye urefu hwe 2,91 m. Musk tortoise ndiyo iduku pakati pemarudzi ese. Pakati pevhesi, urefu hwe carapace huri 7.6 cm.

Kuyera kwezzara

Pakati pemasvosve, zviduku zvacho ndeye geckos yemhandara inotenderera. Mamiriyoni 16 chete ndiwo urefu hwemiviri yavo (pasina kufunga nezvemuswe). Pasina mubvunzo, chiremera chikuru pane Komodo monitor (chinyorwa chiri pasi).

Kureba kwomuviri wake kunosvika matatu uye mamita akawanda. Kurarama muPapua New Guinea, mhuru yakawanda yeEl Salvador inosvika 4.75 m kureba, asi inenge 70% yakareba yakawira pamuswe.

Mutumbi wehutumbi hwezvikara

Kufanana nemamphibians, zvinokambaira hazvina kana kutonhora kwemuviri nguva dzose. Saka basa ravo rinokosha rinowanzoenderana nekupisa kwemazuva. Semuenzaniso, mumvura yakaoma uye inotonhora, ivo vanonyanya kushingaira uye panguva ino kazhinji vanouya maziso avo. Pane zvakasiyana, mumamiriro ekunze akaipa uye kutonhora vanova vasina basa uye havawanzobuda mumisha yavo. Pachando chakaswedera pedyo nezero, zvipembenene zvinowira mumvura. Ndicho chikonzero ivo vashomanana mune taiga zone. Pano pane zvingangova zvishanu chete.

Zvinokambaira zvinogona kudzora kutonhora kwemitumbi yavo, kungovanza kubva ku hypothermia kana kupisa. Zuva rokupedza usiku, somuenzaniso, rinobvumira zvinopisa kuti dzisava kutonhora, uye masikati kupisa - usiku basa.

Zvikamu zvekupema

Zvipembenene (mifananidzo yevamwe vavo inowanikwa munyaya ino), kusiyana nemamphibians, kufema mapapu chete. Pavari mapapu vanochengetedza saga-yakaita sangano, kunyange zvakadaro pane zvipembenene mukati mekugadzirisa zvakanyanya kuoma, kudarika maimphibians. Hwakaputirwa mazinga euchi huri mukati mamasvingo emapapu avo emapapu. Dzinofanana nehusi hweuchi. Izvi zvinonyanya kuwedzera kupemha pamusoro pezvakanaka. Kusiyana nemamphibians, zvinokambaira hazvirevi muromo nemuromo. Zvisinei, kune vazhinji vavo, kupumha kwezvinonzi "kutsva" rudzi rwemhando. Vanodzima uye vanonyorovesa mhepo kuburikidza nemhino nemubatsiro wekumanikidza nekuwedzera kwebhokisi. Chiito chokufema nemubatsiro wemuviri uye intercostal musculature inoitwa.

Zvisinei, muhutukiti mbabvu dzisingasununguki nekuda kwekuvapo kwekanda, saka mhando dzayo dzakagadzira nzira yakasiyana yekuputika kupfuura dzose dzezvikara. Vanopinda mumapapu emhepo nemubatsiro wekuviriswa kwayo kana nekuita makumbo epamberi kuputira.

Kubereka

Zvinokambaira zvinoratidzira pasi. Muchiitiko ichi, kusiyana nemamphibians, vanove nekufambisa zvakananga, kureva, pasina chigamba chinoputika. Zvipembenene zvinowanzoisa mazai akazara mu yolk nehombodo uye amniotic (germin) membrane inodzivirira mazai kubva pakugadzirwa kwemagetsi uye kurasikirwa kwemvura, uyewo kupa gasi kutengesa uye kudya. Nenguva yekuvhara, zviduku zviduku zvakasvika pakukura kukuru. Izvi zvatove zviduku zvinyorwa zvevanhu vakuru.