Book naCharles Darwin "The Origin of Species Achishandisa Natural Selection, kana kuti kuchengetedzwa kubva tasarudza Races vari Kurwira Life"

Book naCharles Darwin "Origin of Species" raiva basa rake guru, kuudza nyika pamusoro dzidziso yemhindumupindu upenyu Panyika. kukanganisa wayo nesayenzi zvakaratidza zvikuru. Bhuku rake musayendisiti wokuBritain nheyo mutsva panguva zvipenyu.

Nyaya bhuku

basa Scientific "The Origin of Species" yakabudiswa neZvapupu Darwin muna 1859. The pakuonekwa bhuku rakanga pakurukurwa makore akawanda basa mutsvakurudzi. Hwaro chigadzirwa vakaumba chinyorwa kuti Darwin akatungamirira kubvira 1837. Somunhu zvakasikwa, akashanyira panguva nyika rwendo muchikepe "Beagle". Zvingaonekwa pamusoro Fauna of South America uye inopisa zvitsuwa panguva rwendo urwu akatungamirira British kufunga kuti ichokwadi Chechi dzidziso naMwari kwakabva upenyu.

The mugadzi pamusoro Darwin aiva Charlz Layel. pfungwa dzake zvakare rakafuridzirwa mufambi. Pakupedzisira, pashure pemakore maviri achishanda nesimba vakauya avhenekese bhuku "The Origin of Species." The chikuru munyori rechipikirwa rakanga rakaita sezvinotevera: marudzi ose nemhuka vakachinja pamusoro nguva. Mukuru zvakasimbisa kuti metamorphosis iri kurwira upenyu. Kubva kuzvizvarwa nezvizvarwa mhando anobatsira zvinhu uye chinozadzwa kubvisa basa kuchinja kurarama yainge ezvinhu.

Selection uye kushanduka

Darwin bhuku rimwe bombshell. "Origin of Species" atenga kumusoro nokukurumidza kukuru, uye zvakawanda runyerekupe pamusoro bhuku rino, zvikuru kwokudiwa. Mukati maviri kana matatu apfuura, paiva shanduro mumitauro mikuru yokuEurope.

Chii saka kushamisa yemhando vanhu? Musumo rake rinonzi, Darwin muchidimbu pfungwa dzake huru. Uyezve, munyori zvishoma nezvishoma imwe nokungwarira nharo chinyorwa chake. Pakutanga akaona chiitiko bhiza maberekero uye maberekero njiva. Zvakaitika Breeders raiva rimwe rine rakafuridzirwa nokuda musayendisiti. Akaisa pamberi muverengi mubvunzo: "Sei zvipfuwo dzinoita mhuka dziri kuchinja uye vakasiyana nehama dzavo dzemusango?" In muenzaniso uyu, Darwin zvishoma akatsanangura kwakabva kwemarudzi ari makuru, pose. Sezvo mumhuri vakawanda, vari zvishoma nezvishoma wakashandurwa nokuda dzezvakatipoteredza kuchinja. Asi kana mombe kupa chakagadzirwa selection, ashandiswe nomunhu, yezvakaita chiito rwokuzvarwa vakasarudzwa.

Genus uye mhando

Munguva Darwin yakanga isati rakabatana uye zvakafanana mhando gadziriro. Masayendisiti aronga pfungwa dzakasiyana-siyana uye hypotheses muzvikwata zvisina tsarukano zvinhu zvipenyu. Zvakafanana kuedza kwakaitwa mubhuku "The Origin of Species." Charles Darwin akataura imwe kupatsanura kubudikidza chechikadzi. Mumwe chikwata kwakadaro kunosanganisira zvakawanda mhuka. Pfungwa Izvi nokudenga. Somuenzaniso, kune marudzi dzemabhiza mazhinji. Vamwe vavo vane hombe, vamwe - mhanyisa, vamwe dzinowanikwa chete imwe nharaunda. Saka, mhando - ndiko mumwe chete nevakawanda mhando dzose genus.

Palette nomumwe kusiyana akamuka nokuda hunhu. Kudya kunze kuigadzira - chinhu kugara rinondinetsa tipone. Nokufamba kwake maonero vari kuchinja uye vari rakakamurwa subtypes kuti pamusoro nguva yakasiyana mumwe zvakanyanya. Most vasingakoshi rakasiyana chinhu (somuenzaniso, pezvakaita muromo kweshiri) kunogona kuva kunokosha zvinobatsira mune tipone. Vanhu vanobudirira, kusafanana dissimilar vavakidzani kuti vararame, vachapa pachake zvachiri nhaka kuvazukuru. A zvizvarwa shoma rakasiyana chiratidzo achava kuchiitwa yakaiswa nevanhu.

The gakava vavengi

Muna 6 ndipo uye 7 ndipo zvebhuku rake Darwin anopindura kutsoropodzwa vavengi dzidziso yake. The Bhuku kutanga asi intuitively vakaona Zvinotaurwa kusikwa, vatungamiriri vechechi uye mamwe masayendisiti. In Zvakazoitwa Shanduro pamazuva ake munyori vakabvuma dzakananga inopikisa kwavavengi, achivashevedza nemazita.

Zvinozivikanwa kuti Darwin akanga asiri mukurukuri hwakajeka paruzhinji. In pacho, dzidziso yake yakanakisisa ravane Tomas Geksli. Asi kunyarara muhofisi Darwin zvose zvaitwa nemutoo muchidimbu uye zvakarurama. Iye Raziel vavengi vake mumwe nomumwe, pane chete mberi vakachera tifunge bhuku.

paleontological manotsi

British musayendisiti isakarurama chinangwa refu kudaro, akanyora "The Origin of Species." Charles Darwin haana akatsanangura kwete chete dzidziso yake nemashoko zvipenyu, asiwo nharo kuti kushandisa nenzvimbo kuparadzirwa uye paleontology. The musayendisiti vakachera tifunge zvakawanda anowana kuti zvisaririra, iyo yakanyorwa kungoda yakatotsakatika upenyu siyana. Nokuda paleontology mukana kudzidza zvakadzama chisipo uye zvenguva marudzi.

Raiva basa Darwin akaita sayenzi iyi yakakurumbira zvikuru, nei yechipiri yezana XIX remakore payo akambosanganawo kutumbuka chaiyo. Mumwe musayendisiti wokutanga kutsanangura mashandiro kuti kuchengetedza mapfupa. Akacherechedza kuti pasi ezvinhu zvinoitika kwezvakatipoteredza Organic munyama kufa akasasiya chiya chisingadiwi. Zvisinei, kana mumvura, permafrost kana amber kuramba kwenguva refu.

kuparadzira

Achitaura pamusoro yokutama uye Resettlement kwazvakaita, Darwin akakwanisa kubva mhirizhonga manotsi uye chokwadi kuti avake makemikari ezvinhu, azere mitemo nemirairo. rwokuzvarwa vakasarudzwa zvabuda rifukidze okunze yose zvikamu. Zvisinei, nyanzvi yezvinhu zvipenyu, akacherechedza kuti pane zvakasikwa zvipingamupinyi kupararira mhuka nemiti nemhaka yokukara. In pano zvakadaro risingadzivisiki kunze mhando - huru penzvimbo mvura pakati New uye World Old.

Sezvineiwo, avo nharo, Darwin akaendesa dzidziso zvisipo makondinendi (eg Atlantis). Kuziva ake nharo pamusoro sei kuparadzira yakaoma kusvika huru chirimwa. Scientist hypothesized zvinogona kutsanangurwa nemashoko anotevera muenzaniso. Mbeu inogona akamedzwa shiri, zviri munzira mhiri kwenyika akavasiya imomo mutsvina yadzo. Mhedziso iyoyo akanga asiri oga. Mizambiringa yakabva kumwe vaiva pamwe chete tsvina kuomerera netsoka dzakapfava shiri uye kuwirirana navo pamusoro kondinendi itsva. Humwe kuparadzirwa chirimwa yakava nyaya nguva.

Features tuvana

Mugore rechi14 chitsauko Darwin akataura zvakafanana. nhengo zvokuvamba embryonic kukura mune miti nemhuka. nemhando dzose Kubva pakuongorora ichi akagumisa kuti paiva nevakawanda mavambo. Ukuwo, kufanana nevamwe zvinhu akatsanangura musayendisiti chete dzinogarisana. Somuenzaniso, hove uye hove huru chaizvoizvo hadziwirirani, kunyange kunze vanotarira pamusoro chete.

Darwin chakasimbisawo kuti mazana mumwe rudzi mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana apo raparadza achazvikudza zvakasiyana. All zvaisazogona tuvana chokuita chimwe chete chinhu - chido kurarama ari kuchinja ezvinhu. Achitaura pamusoro mazana, musayendisiti akavadana rakasiyana enhoroondo mhando ndevenyu iyo.

Mugumo bhuku

In mhedziso basa rake, Darwin akapfupikisa zvakawanikwa yake. bhuku rake raiva hwezuva chibereko Victorian England zvose zvatinosiita nezvibvumirano kuti nguva uye woita Formulations. Somuenzaniso, kunyange zvazvo munyori uye akazova muvambi masayendisiti tsanangudzo paumbwe upenyu, akaita nemasaini akawanda conciliatory akananga chitendero.

Zvakabuda dzinongoitika kusarudzwa uye dzidziso yemhindumupindu pakarepo akava nechinetso chakakomba kereke. Muna epilogue, Darwin akayeuchidza Leibniz kamwe akatsoropodza mitemo Newton yo wefizikisi, asi nguva kwakaratidza kuti kurwiswa izvi zvakanga zvakaipa. Munyori acclaimed mabasa akaratidza tariro kuti bhuku hwake anowana kuziva, pasinei simba kufurirwa kusikwa nezvimwe vatsoropodzi. Nhasi tinogona kutaura nechivimbo, ndizvo zvakaitika.