Danish yefizikisi Bor Nils: Biography, buri

Niels Bohr - Danish yefizikisi uye nomukurumbira, mumwe havaoni kuti wefizikisi kwayo chipo chimiro. Ndiye muvambi uye mukuru mukuru Copenhagen Institute for yokungotaura Physics, musiki chikoro nesayenzi zvenyika, uyewo imwe nhengo Academy of Sciences of USSR. Nyaya ino ichakurukura nhoroondo youpenyu Niels Bohr uye zvaainyanya nokubudirira.

makodzero

Danish yefizikisi Bor Nils akavamba dzidziso atomu, iyo inobva yemapuraneti muenzaniso atomu, iyo quantum azorore uye pachake akapa postulates dzavo. Uyezve, Bohr akarangarira rinokosha basa renyukireya dzidziso, zvenyukireya siyana uye simbi. Aiva mumwe creators ose quantum Vanamakanika. Kuwedzera kuitika mune wefizikisi, Bohr akanyora nhamba mabasa pauzivi uye dzinongoitika nesayenzi. Scientist nokushingaira akarwa kutyisidzira yenyukireya. Muna 1922 akanga paakavapa Nobel Prize.

udiki

musayendisiti Future Niels Bohr akaberekwa Copenhagen musi waOctober 7, 1885. baba vake aiva purofesa kwechiKristu physiology payunivhesiti, uye mai vake Ellen aibva mumhuri yakapfuma yevaJudha. Niels akanga Harald munun'una. Vabereki vakaedza kuti uduku vanakomana afare uye makaguta. The zvinobatsira mhuri, uye zvikurukuru amai, wakapata inokosha basa kukura zvavo pakunamata.

inotungamirwa

dzidzo Primary waiva muBor Gammelholmskoy chikoro. Kuchikoro, akanga aifarira nhabvu, uye gare gare - Skiing uye kufamba nechikepe. Mumakore makumi maviri namatatu, Bohr akava kudzidza paYunivhesiti Copenhagen, kwaakanga sechinhu kugomo pakuridza yefizikisi uye mutsvakurudzi. Nokuti chinyorwa chirongwa yezvinorehwa penyika makakatanwa nemvura jeti remvura vibrations, Niels akanga paakavapa chendarama menduru kubva Royal Danish Academy of Sciences. Akadzidza, ane Pokuda yefizikisi Bor Nils akanga achishanda payunivhesiti. Ikoko akaita wandei tsvakurudzo inokosha. Mumwe wavo akanga akazvipira kuna dzekare Erekitironi dzidziso nesimbi uye akaumba hwaro ake doctorate dissertation Bora.

lateral mafungiro

Rimwe zuva purezidhendi Royal Academy, Ernest Rutherford, akakumbira rubatsiro kubva wandaiziva kubva University of Copenhagen. Last akaronga kuisa mudzidzi wake yakadereresa rating, apo akanzwa kuti akakodzera Kukoshesa "kugonesesa". Vose nharo kuti yeboka yakabvuma kuvimba maonero bato rechitatu, hapana muyananisi, uyo akava Rutherford. Maererano mibvunzo bvunzo, mudzidzi aifanira kutsanangurira sei kushandisa chaicho unogona kuona kureba meimba.

The mudzidzi akapindura kuti inoda kusungirira chaicho kuti refu tambo kukwira naye padenga chivakwa, tikarega kuti pasi uye kuyera Kureba tambo yakapfuura pasi. Kudivi rimwe, mhinduro yakanga Zvemazvirokwazvo ichokwadi uye zvakakwana, asi pane dzimwe - aiva muduku chokuita wefizikisi. Ipapo Rutherford akataura kuti mudzidzi edza kamwe zvakare kupindura. Akamupa maminitsi matanhatu, uye akanyevera kuti mhinduro inofanira kuenzanisira kunzwisisa mitemo chaiko. maminitsi mashanu gare gare, akanzwa kubva mudzidzi kuti anosarudza zvakanakisisa anoverengeka zvinogadzirisa, Rutherford akamukumbira kupindura pachine. Panguva ino mudzidzi akapa chaicho padenga, vamusundidzire pasi kuyera kuwa uye achishandisa unokosha inonyatsoita kuti kufunga kumusoro. mhinduro iyi waguta mudzidzisi, asi zvakaita Rutherford vaisagona kuramba ndiri kufara kuti kuteerera vamwe mudzidzi shanduro.

Nzira inotevera kwaibva kuyera kukwira uye chaicho kureba mumvuri worufu building, zvichiteverwa kugadzirisa zvinoenderana. Hazvina nezvechisarudzo akafanana Rutherford, uye iye achifara akakumbira mudzidzi kubatidza nzira yasara. Ipapo mudzidzi vakamupa nyore kuita. Just vaifanira kuisa chaicho pamadziro echivako chacho uye kuti manotsi, uye ipapo nhamba mavanga, uye vawande vave pedyo kureba chaicho. Vadzidzi vanotenda kuti yakadaro mhinduro pachena kuti chokwadi hazvigoni kufuratirwa.

Kuti varege kuonekwa pamberi masayendisiti prankster mudzidzi uye akapa kupfuura yakagozha kuzvipedza. Dzokubatanidza kuti chaicho kuti resi - akandiudza - unofanira kuizunungusa kubva mujinga chivakwa uye pamusoro pedenga rayo, uwandu nechando regiravhiti. Kubva kusiyana Data vakawana, zvinokwanisika kuziva kukwirira, kana achida. Uyewo, swinging zvakavamba kuchinja uri tambo kubva padenga, zvinokwanisika kuti kuziva kukwirira precession nguva.

Pakupedzisira, vadzidzi vakapiwa kuwana maneja chivako uye nokuda mumwe chaicho chikuru kuziva kukwirira yake. Rutherford akabvunza kana mudzidzi zvechokwadi havana kuziva kwakajairika mhinduro dambudziko. Haana kundivanzira kuti aiziva, asi akabvuma kuti iye zvokudya naye vadzidzisi kumanikidzira nzira yavo kufunga mawadhi muchikoro uye kukoreji, uye dzairamba dzisiri vomureza mhinduro. Sezvo zvichida iwe wafungidzira, mudzidzi uyu akanga Niels Bohr.

Kutamira kuEngland

Pashure pokushanda payunivhesiti kwemakore matatu, Bohr vakatamira kuEngland. Mugore rokutanga akashanda Cambridge Joseph Thomson, akabva atamira Ernest Rutherford muna Manchester. Rutherford rabhoritari panguva yakanga sechinhu chinonyanya kuoneka. Munguva ichangopfuura, kwaiva kuedza kuti chamuita kuti kuwanikwa yemapuraneti muenzaniso atomu. More chaizvo, muenzaniso ipapo vakasara kuchangotanga achiri.

The kwakaita chikamu Arifa nezvimedu kuburikidza foil akabvumira Rutherford kuziva kuti nechepakati ane atomu duku mhosva neerekitironi, izvo chinoita kuti zvinenge mukanyiwa yose atomu uye maerekitironi vari achitenderera mumapapu. Sezvo atomu ari electrically kwatakarerekera, uwandu mhosva maerekitironi kunge akaenzana tsanga module mutariri. The mhedziso kuti kupomera renyukireya riri vakawanda pamusoro Erekitironi mutariri aiva nechepakati muchidzidzo ichi, asi zvakadaro kure akaramba kujeka. Asi ivo akataura isotopes - zvinhu izvo zvakafanana zvemakemikari ehupfumi asi zvakasiyana mabhomba guru.

The mabhomba nhamba zvinhu. misha mutemo

Ndichishanda murabhoritari Rutherford, Bohr akaziva kuti makemikari ehupfumi kuvimba nhamba maerekitironi ari atomu, kureva, kubva kumubatira uye kwete vazhinji, iro rinotsanangura kuvapo isotopes. Izvi inokosha yokutanga budiriro Bohr ari murabhoritari ichi. Sezvo Arifa PARTICIPLE unoisa nehelium neerekitironi ane nokuchengeta +2 ne Alpha kuora (PARTICIPLE iri chaibwinya kubva chinoumba) "mwanasikana" chinhu periodic table anofanira kuiswa kuruboshwe maviri masero kupfuura "mubereki" uye Beta kuora (maerekitironi chaibwinya pamusoro nuclei) - kurudyi nomumwe muchitokisi. Saka akanga akaumba "mutemo radioactive misha." Uyezve, Danish yefizikisi akaita nhamba kukosha matongo, izvo nechokuita chaizvo muenzaniso atomu.

Rutherford-Bohr muenzaniso

muenzaniso ichi chinonziwo yemapuraneti nokuti maerekitironi Anoisa chinoumba saizvozvo nemapuraneti akapoteredza zuva. muenzaniso uyu aiva nhamba matambudziko. Chokwadi kuti atomu zvakanga disastrously kusagadzikana, uye kurasikirwa simba nezana millionth chechipiri. Chaizvoizvo, zvisinei, izvi hazvina kuitika. Dambudziko sokuti insoluble uye vanoda nzira idzva. Pano uye akaratidza Danish yefizikisi Bor Nils.

Boron akataura kuti, zvinopesana nemitemo electrodynamics uye hurongwa, kutenderera ari maatomu zvinofamba panguva iyo maerekitironi regai dzakafara. The muchadenga akatsiga kana panguva Erekitironi riri pamusoro payo akaenzana hafu Planck rusingaperi. Radiation kunoitika, asi chete panguva yezwi ane Erekitironi kubva muchadenga kune mumwe. Vose simba kuti anosunungurwa kana voitakura kure neboka quantum nemwaranzi. photon kwakadaro ane simba akaenzana zvinobikwa rotational kakawanda nokuda Planck airamba, kana musiyano pakati pokuiswa uye yokupedzisira Erekitironi simba. Saka, Bohr Rutherford vasanganiswa uchishandisa nguva uye pfungwa quanta, yakanga wakatangwa na Max Planck muna 1900. Mubatanidzwa kwokukakavara kwakadaro kune zvose zvatinopiwa tsika yokuti, uye panguva imwecheteyo, regai kuramba zvachose. Erekitironi aionekwa somunhu zvinhu pfungwa, izvo chinoita maererano nemitemo dzenhoroondo makanika, asi "Unotenderwa" ndivo chete kutenderera avo kuti kutakura "quantization mamiriro". In kutenderera kwakadaro, Erekitironi simba iri inversely Proportional kuti dzaiungana nhamba kutenderera.

Kuguma "nemitemo frequencies"

Pachishandiswa "ushe frequencies", Bor akagumisa kuti mwaranzi kakawanda zviri Proportional kune Ivan Kuchin dzinoungana vanhu musiyano pakati integers. Kare, muenzaniso uyu hwakagadzwa spectroscopists, asi kugona kuwana yokungotaura tsananguro. Pfungwa Niels Bohr akabvumira kutsanangura chakarondedzera kwete hydrogen chete (maatomu ari nyore), asi nehelium, kusanganisira ionized. Scientist sodvizheniya kuenzanisira kubata chinoumba uye kufungidzira vakazadzwa sei zvemagetsi anoshongwa, yakaratidza kwomuviri yezvakaita periodicity ose okunze periodic hurongwa. For kubudirira izvi, muna 1922, Bohr akanga paakavapa Nobel Prize.

Bohr Institute

Pamusoro kupera, Rutherford kare kuzivikanwa yefizikisi Bor Nils kumusha kwake, uko akakokwa muna 1916 ne purofesa paUniversity of Copenhagen. Makore maviri gare gare akava nhengo Danish Royal Society (muna 1939 imwe nyanzvi akamutungamirira).

Muna 1920, Bohr akavaka Institute of yokungotaura Physics uye akava mutungamiri waro. The masimba Copenhagen, ari kuziva zvemashoko wefizikisi, akamupa kuti akatanga usingakanganwiki "Imba Brewer." Institute akasangana tarisiro zvose, kuridza basa rinokosha kukura quantum wefizikisi. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti anokosha uyu aiva unhu Bor. Iye akapoteredzwa pachake ane unyanzvi tsvimbo uye vadzidzi, miganhu pakati pavo kakawanda asingaoneki. Institute Bohr yakanga dzakawanda, zvakanga vakatsvaka idonhe kwese. Pakati nomukurumbira zvemo Bohr muzvikoro: F. Bloch, V. Weisskopf, H. Casimir, Aage Bohr, L. Landau, J. Wheeler nevamwe vazhinji ..

kakawanda By Bor akashanyira musayendisiti German Heisenberg Vernet. Panguva apo akasika "kusaziva musimboti" Bohr nharo Erwin Schrödinger, uyo aiva mutsigiri vakachena-wave pfungwa. In aimbova "Imba Brewer," akaumba hwaro wefizikisi qualitatively itsva maviri remakore, mumwe kiyi kwokufananidzira chakanga Niels Bohr.

atomu womuenzaniso dzataurwa nokuda musayendisiti Danish uye chipangamazano wake Rutherford, aiva dzisingapindirani. It integrates ari postulates ari dzekare pfungwa uye pfungwa, zvakajeka vachipikisa nayo. Kuti akurire kuzvipokanidza izvi, zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti zvikurumidze adzokorore dzinokosha zvinodavirwa muchitendero dzidziso. Panyaya iyi, basa rinokosha yakanga reDare nomupiro yakananga Bora, ayo kutendeseka munharaunda zvesainzi, uye pachake simba. Basa Niels Bohr akaratidza kuti kuwana mufananidzo microworld mumuviri haasi akakodzera nzira kwave zvinobudirira kureva "nyika zvinhu zvikuru," uye akava mumwe wemapiyona nzira iyi. The musayendisiti yave akatanga pfungwa dzakadai se "kusingadzoreki kuona chipimo Maitiro" uye "mamwe tsika".

Copenhagen quantum dzidziso

Zita Danish musayendisiti akabatanidza mukana (aka Copenhagen) dudziro quantum yokuti, uye kudzidza kwayo "kutsanangura" vakawanda. An rinokosha iri kuridzwa ne hurukuro pakati Bohr uye Albertom Eynshteynom, asina kufanana aiva Bohr quantum wefizikisi mune probabilistic dudziro. "Rinopindura mibvunzo yeBhaibheri nheyo", akagadzira pedyo Danish musayendisiti, akaita basa rinokosha pakunzwisisa mitemo microworld uye kudyidzana kwavo chekare (non-quantum) wefizikisi.

zvenyukireya nyaya

Akatanga kuita wefizikisi kwenyukireya richiri Rutherford, Bohr vakazvipira chaizvo pfungwa zvenyukireya nyaya. Iye akataura muna 1936 dzidziso mukomboni musimboti, nokukurumidza chamuita kuti donhwe womuenzaniso, izvo zvakabatsira chaizvo kudzidza kubva fission yenyukireya. Zvikurukuru, Bor ndezvaiye achifanotaura vaingoerekana fission kuti uranium exchange.

vaNazi apo vakatora Denmark, musayendisiti rakavanda England uye ipapo America, apo, pamwe chete nomwanakomana wake Aage basa Manhetennskim chirongwa pa Los Alamos. Mumakore pashure pehondo, Bor akapedza nguva yakawanda panyaya yokugadzira zvombo zvenyukireya kuzvidzora uye rugare kushandiswa mabhomba. Akatora mugove pakusikwa European Center for Research Nuclear, uye kunyange aibata pfungwa dzake UN. Inobva pakuti Bohr akaramba kurukura pamwe yefizikisi Soviet vane zvimwe zvaiva "chirongwa yenyukireya", iye achinzi ndiye mabhomba zvombo ngozi.

Dzimwe nzvimbo zivo

Uyezve, Niels Bohr, ane Biography unouya kupera, akanga kufarira nyaya kaganhurana wefizikisi, zvipenyu zvikuru. Uyewo, iye aifarira uzivi nesayenzi.

Danish musayendisiti Mutsindo afa nechirwere chemwoyo October 18, 1962 mu Copenhagen.

mhedziso

Niels Bohr, kuvhurika izvo, Chokwadi, kushandura wefizikisi, vainakidzwa simba guru zvesayenzi uye tsika. Kukurukurirana naye, kunyange kupera, kubudisa zvirambe interlocutors. By kutaura uye kunyora Bohr akanga pachena kuti nokungwarira anosarudza mashoko ake, kuti vakawanda zvakarurama kuenzanisira pfungwa dzenyu. Russian yefizikisi Vitaly Ginzburg akadana Bora kusimba kugumbuka uye akachenjera.