How kunyora isomers uye homologues? Sei kuva isomers pamusoro alkanes?

Usati nezvekuratidza kubudisa isomers ose zvine Mahydrocarbon kuratidza zviri mukirasi iyi Organic zvinhu.

yakazara Mahydrocarbon

makirasi zhinji CxHy anomira makemikari kemisitiri. Munhu wese ane vakawanda inonyatsoita, homologous series, Qualitative kuita, kushanda. Nokuti zvine alkane yeHydrocarbon kirasi kwese kuroorwa (Sigma) chisungo. The vakawanda payakavakirwa mukirasi iyi Organic zvinhu CnH2n + 2. Izvi anotsanangura inokosha zvemakemikari ehupfumi: misha, pomoto, oxidation. Nokuti paraffins havana zvinowanzoitika kujoina, kubva kutaurirana zviri mamorekuru pamusoro Mahydrocarbon izvi chete.

isomerism

Chiitiko pamusoro isomerism anotsanangura-siyana Organic zvinhu. Under isomerism unonyanyozivikanwa kunzwisiswa Fani umo mune dzakawanda Organic yeimwe muchiva nhamba kwenhengo (nhamba kwemaatomu ari Morekuru), asi zvakasiyana urongwa kwavo Morekuru. The zvichiguma zvinhu anonzi isomers. Vanogona kuva vamiririri makirasi anoverengeka Mahydrocarbon, uye naizvozvo zvakasiyana namakemikari ehupfumi. Miscellaneous remubatanidzwa Morekuru alkanes maatomu tibvunze kuti STRUCTURAL isomerism. Sei kuva isomers pamusoro alkanes? Pane imwe algorithm, maererano iyo inogona anomiririrwa STRUCTURAL isomers vekirasi iyi Organic zvinhu. Pane kudaro Zvinogoneka pamwe kabhoni maatomu mana chete, kureva, morekuru butane C4H10.

isomeric mhando

Kuti tinzwisise sei kunyora zvokuimba ari isomers, zvinokosha kuti kunzwisisa siyana ayo. In pamberi chete maatomu mukati Morekuru zvienzane nhamba, izvo dziri mune nzvimbo yakasiyana kuitira, rinoreva spatial isomerism. Zvikasadaro, inonzi stereoisomerism. Pakadaro, kushandiswa mumwe chete STRUCTURAL payakavakirwa hakuna kukwana, vanofanira kushandisa fungidziro kana spatial Masvomhu. Zvine Mahydrocarbon kubvira H3C-CH3 (ethane), vane siyana spatial configurations. Izvi imhaka kutenderera mukati Morekuru kubudikidza C-C chisungo. Zviri nyore σ-chisungo pave conformational (muhombe) isomers zvinobvira.

Structural isomers paraffins

Ngatimbotaura sei kuti alkane isomers. Boka ane STRUCTURAL isomer, i.e., anoumba yakasiyana kabhoni atomu cheni. Zvikasadaro, mukana kuchinja nezvenzvimbo hochekoche kabhoni maatomu ari kabhoni marangwanda ainzi isomerism.

isomers kuti heptane

Saka, tichisiya isomers kubva pafuma ane murwiyo C7H16? Kuti Mutange, unogona kuronga zvose kabhoni maatomu imwe tambo refu, wedzera mumwe mumwe nhamba kwemaatomu C. How zvikuru? Kufungisisa kuti Valence kuti kabhoni akaenzana mana, mumamiriro maatomu kuti rehydrogen maatomu matatu uye panguva yomukati - maviri. The zvichiguma Morekuru ane Linear chimiro, mumwe yeHydrocarbon inonzi N - heptane. Tsamba "n" rinoreva achirurama kabhoni marangwanda ari yeHydrocarbon.

Zvino kushandura nzvimbo kabhoni maatomu, "vachigurisira" iri nyaya achirurama kabhoni cheni muna C7H16. Gadzira isomers vangava chokuwedzera kana kutapudzwa STRUCTURAL chimiro. zvino funga musimboti wechipiri. First imwe C atomu kuronga methyl kukuru panguva dzakasiyana nzvimbo.

Active isomer heptane, ane zvinotevera makemikari zita: 2-methylhexane. Now "isu kufambisa" yakakura kabhoni atomu unotevera. The zvichiguma zvine yeHydrocarbon akadana 3-methylhexane.

Kana tikaramba kutama kukuru vaverengwa achatanga kurudyi (pedyo pamusoro chinhu yeHydrocarbon kukuru), kureva, tinowana isomer ichi, izvo zvatagara tinazvo. Saka, kufunga sei kugadzira nzira yokuita isomers ari kutanga zvinhu, vachaedza kuti marangwanda kunyange "mapfupi".

The yasara maviri kabhoni anogona kuvapo ari muchimiro vaviri vakasununguka radicals - methyl.

First kuronga navo siyana carbons vanobatanidzwa huru cheni. Tinoti zvichiguma isomer -2,3 dimethylpentane.

Zvino siya yakakura panguva imwe nzvimbo, uye kuchaita kuti rinotevera rechipiri kabhoni atomu huru cheni. Izvi zvinhu anonzi 2,4 dimethylpentane.

Zvino worongedza yeHydrocarbon radicals vane mumwe kabhoni atomu. Pakutanga, wechipiri, kuwana 2,2 dimethylpentane. Zvadaro, wechitatu kugamuchira dimethylpentane 3,3.

Zvino isu kusiya huru cheni mana kabhoni maatomu, vamwe vatatu kushandiswa sezvo methyl radicals. Isu kuzvirongedza sezvinotevera: vaviri panguva yechipiri C atomu, mumwe - carbon rechitatu. Tinoridaidza isomer ndawana: 2,2, 3 trimethylbutane.

In Example heptane taikurukura sei kuti isomers pamusoro nomuti Mahydrocarbon. Pamufananidzo mienzaniso STRUCTURAL isomers anomiririrwa nokuda butena6 ayo kuiisa chlorine nomukaka.

alkenes

Kirasi uku Organic zvinhu ane vakawanda payakavakirwa CnH2n. Kuwedzera kune zvine C-C zvisungo mukirasi ichi, kunewo kaviri chisungo. It anosarudza dzinokosha ehupfumi dzino. Ngatimbotaura kusiya sei isomers ose alkenes. Regai zvinoratidza kusawirirana kwavo kubva nomuti Mahydrocarbon. Kuwedzera isomerism huru cheni (STRUCTURAL payakavakirwa) kuti vamiririri mukirasi iyi Organic Mahydrocarbon chiri dzinoratidzwa marudzi matatu isomers, geometric (Kishi uye mhiri nezvimiro), vakawanda chisungo chinzvimbo uye Interclass isomer (cycloalkanes).

isomers pamusoro C6H12

Edza kutsvaka sei anyore c6h12 isomers, tichifunga kuti pafuma kuti nzira inogona ndezvaJehovha zvakananga mapoka maviri Organic yeimwe: alkenes, cycloalkanes.

Chokutanga, funga pamusoro sei kuva isomers pamusoro alkenes, kana pane chisungo kaviri iri Morekuru. Isa ngaatarire kabhoni cheni, isa vakawanda chisungo pashure yokutanga kabhoni atomu. Tinoedza kwete chete kuti s6n12 isomers, asiwo zita fuma. Izvi zvinhu - hexene - 1 The nhamba inoratidza chinzvimbo Morekuru miviri chisungo. Pakuendeswa yayo achitevedza kabhoni cheni, hexene kuwana -2 uye hexene - 3

Zvino isu funga sei kuti isomers pamusoro yemaitiro ichi, kuchinja uwandu maatomu ari mukuru cheni.

Kuti kupfupisa pakutanga kabhoni marangwanda chete kabhoni atomu, zviri anoonekwa somunhu methyl kukuru. Double chisungo mushure anosiya atomu wokutanga S. The kunoguma isomer vane hurongwa Nomenclature vachava inotevera zita: 2 methylpentene - 1. Zvino kufambisa hydrocarbyl boka iri huru cheni, vachisiya kuchinja nzvimbo kaviri chisungo. Ichi yeHydrocarbon unsaturated chinhu mapazi marongerwo rinonzi 3 methylpentene-1.

Zvinokwanisika pasina kuchinja nzvimbo huru cheni uye kaviri chisungo isomer: 4 methylpentene-1.

For C6H12 sezvamunoita anogona kuedza kuita kuti kaviri chisungo kubva pakutanga kusvika rechipiri nzvimbo pasina kuchinja pachayo huru cheni. The kukuru saizvozvo vakatamira achitevedza kabhoni marangwanda, sezvo mabhomba S. rechipiri isomer Iri ane zita 2 methylpentene-2. Uyezve, zvinoita here kuisa yakakura CH3 rechitatu kabhoni atomu Saka kuwana 3-methylpentene 2

Kana akaisa muna Zvakasara panguva kabhoni atomu chechina cheni aumbwa mumwe mutsva fuma unsaturated yeHydrocarbon pamwe kabhoni marangwanda ichitenderera - 4 methylpentene-2.

With imwe rutapudzo iri nhamba C muna huru cheni, anogona kugamuchira isomer.

The kaviri chisungo achasiya pashure wokutanga kabhoni atomu, uye vaviri kukuru kurwira rechitatu C atomu huru cheni, dimetiluten wana 3,3-1.

Zvino tinoisa radicals pamusoro pedyo kabhoni maatomu, pasina kuchinja nzvimbo kaviri chisungo kuwana 2,3-dimethylbutyl 1. Edza pasina kuchinja kukura chikuru cheni, miviri chisungo kunoshanda kune yechipiri nzvimbo. The radicals Saka tinogona kupa chete 2 kana 3 C maatomu, une 2,3 dimethylbut-2.

Other STRUCTURAL isomers kuti kupiwa alkene kwete, chero kuedza kukwira pamwe dzidziso kuchaita kuti nokuvhiringidzirwa sechivako Organic zvinhu A. M. Butlerova.

Spatial isomers C6H12

Zvino uzive kuti vabereke isomers uye homologs yaro kubva nemaonero spatial isomerism. Zvakakosha kunzwisisa kuti Kishi uye mhiri alkenes ndivo chete zvinogoneka kuti nzvimbo kaviri chisungo 2 uye 3.

Paaiva mundege imwe yeHydrocarbon radicals vakaumba Kishi - akayera -2-hexene, uye dzimwe radicals urongwa dzakasiyana ndege, mhiri-hexene fomu - 2.

Interclass isomers C6H12

Kutaura pamusoro pokuti kuita isomers uye homologues haagoni kukanganwa pamusoro musimboti ichi sezvo Interclass isomerism. For unsaturated Mahydrocarbon kuwanda ethylene, ane vakawanda payakavakirwa CnH2n isomers dzakadaro cycloalkanes. The Zvinoitwa mukirasi iyi Mahydrocarbon ndiyo pamberi cyclic (avhara-loop) mamiriro ari chete chisungo zvakakangwa pakati kabhoni maatomu. Unogona kusika nzira yokuita cyclohexane, methylcyclopentane, dimethylcyclobutane, trimetiltsiklopropana.

mhedziso

Organic kemesitiri riri chinoumbwa nezvinhu zvakawanda, enigmatic. The kwazvo Organic zvinhu kukasapfuura kakawanda nhamba inorganic yeimwe. Izvi zviri nyore akatsanangura kuvapo yakadaro nedzimwe chakajairika sezvo isomers. Kana homologous akatevedzana vari yakarongwa zvakafanana marongerwo uye zvivako zviri zvinhu, kuchinja nzvimbo kabhoni maatomu ari cheni, muri yeimwe matsva ainzi isomers. Chete pashure dzidziso kwemakemikari maumbirwo Organic yeimwe vave Classified Mahydrocarbon zvose kunzwisisa chaizvo dzeboka nerimwe. Mumwe zvokudya dzidziso iyi, chokuita zvakananga chinonakidza kuti isomerism. The Russian kemisiti huru, akakwanisa kunzwisisa, kutsanangura, kuratidza kuti nzvimbo kabhoni maatomu kuvimba makemikari ehupfumi ari fuma, ayo reaktsionanya basa, kushanda. Kana tikaenzanisa uwandu isomers vakaumba shoma unsaturated alkanes uye alkenes, zvichitungamirira zvirokwazvo alkenes. Chikonzero ndechokuti pane mbiri chisungo iri Morekuru. Kuti anobvumira kirasi iyi makemikari nyaya kuti aumbe kwete bedzi alkenes pakubhadhara siyana uye zvivako, asiwo kutaura meklassovoy isomers pamwe cycloalkanes.