Winter gorosi: richikura, kugadzira uye mhando

Winter gorosi - inokosha zvokudya chirimwa a. Kudiridza pave mamiriro yakanaka ikure zvakakodzera uye kuipa kukura uye kuvandudza hardiness kwayo, izvo zvinopa zvakanaka chirimwa kugwinya.

Winter gorosi: mukana dzakakwirira unobereka

Kushandisa nyanyisa ruzivo muUK kukura avhareji 69,56 t / ha gorosi apo muNetherlands - 81,2 c / Ha. mapurazi akawanda anozivikanwa ndichibvunza chando gorosi kurimwa michina, ikabereka pamusoro unodiridzwa nyika akatsiga Goho 60 kana kunyange 70 quintals por hectare. The soro Kukohwa yakasvika 92,4 centners por hectare.

Under yakanaka agro-okunze anogona zvikuru kuwana zvikuru yakakwirira goho. Winter gorosi anonzwa zvakanaka unodiridzwa nyika - anopa kukohwa kusvika zana makirogiramu por hectare. The tsika yakanga unodiridzwa mu chirimwa rotations vari akura ari paShiro kana dyisa munyoro uye vakasunungurwa pashure rinoshandiswa pashure kutema nzvimbo pasi nezvirimwa ezviyo, miriwo uye zvadzinofura zvinomera.

Biological zviri chando gorosi

Gorosi uswa ndowenyika mhuri, yechando rinopa mizambiringa yakabva kumwe, makwenzi uye anofambisa kwematsutso nokuomesa. Pashure overwintering zvirimwa budiriro mberi. It anotanga Kusiyanisa nezvokunyanya pfungwa. kukura Its simba riri novimba nesimba nemashizha uye midzi mvura zviri munyama. saturation mvura Full zvakakodzera kuti masero kuramba turgor kwavo Munotatamura, kuwedzera nhamba tuvana panzeve ramangwana. Ichi chinhu chakakosha kwazvo nguva mupudzi upenyu. The yakaoma yechando gorosi upenyu rinoenderera chubhu mbudo kuti lactic okusimba.

Early embryo achidiridzira vasati nokuiswa Spikelets kunowedzera uwandu tsanga, uye kudiridza maruva pakutanga nokuumbwa kunowedzera nhamba maruva yakatanga. Panguva maruva uye muchangosangana kana yakakura kufema zvinomera uye tsvina Organic zvinhu, zvirimwa anonyanya tisanzwe overheating uye inopisa mhepo. iyi Optimum run mhepo tembiricha iri 14-19 ° C, pa 35 ° C miriwo ipfupi zvikuru photosynthesis goho ipfupi kusvika 20, uye dzimwe 40 ° C - 50%. Uyewo anoita isakarurama yakaderera mwando mhepo yakaoma. Kukura chando gorosi pamusoro mamiriro yokuwana yakakwirira tembiricha uye mwando kunoda kutarisirwa.

Kuberekesa chando gorosi

Winter gorosi iri kumbonyanya refu nguva zvinomera, izvozvo hunomugonesa zvakazara kugara nezvokudya zvinobva muvhu. Zvisinei, kudiwa mabhatiri, iye yakasiyana, zvichienderana chirimwa kukura nguva. Naizvozvo, chando gorosi pakusangana muchirimo rakakodzera.

Nitrogen kunokosha munguva mumwaka wokukura asi vakawanda kuzviita nayo wefodya miti iri maitikiro, pavanoenda kunze chubhu nenzeve. Kuberekesa yechando gorosi kunokosha muchirimo mangwanani, kwakanga panguva ino nokuda yakaderera tembiricha uye zvichiita waterlogged ivhu nitrification pezvakaitwa zvinogona kukurirwa, uye mvura unoshambidza zvivi zviri nitrate senitrogen iri zvakadzama akaturikidzana ivhu, miti vanogona senitrogen nenzara kunyange zvakanaka nevhu dzavo. Izvi inotsanangura yakakwirira kuita zvabuda apo kuberekesa yechando gorosi muchirimo zvakarurama kupedzwa.

Panguva kumera uye mangwanani kukura gorosi rinowanika yakakwirira kudiwa phosphorus muviri, kunomutsa kunowanzoitika kuvandudzika midzi. With mwando chakanaka Kuwanikwa midzi vanogona kupinda muna nokuwa kune kudzika 1 meter, izvo inosimudzira hardiness yechando gorosi. Phosphorus hunosimbisa mwero Kusiyanisa uye vakawanda tsanga por nzeve. Kuishaya pakutanga kukura hazvigoni ndanyarara hangu nokuda chero urongwa iyi simba chirimwa fetiraiza pane imwe zuva pashure.

The drawback nyore digestible potassium muvhu munguva kubva pakutanga kukura kuti maruva gorosi kunoguma chinokosha lag iri kukura zvinomera uye chirimwa kukura lag - vanova unetseke zvakasiyana tembiricha uye hwevhu. Yakakwana Urongwa chirimwa phosphorus uye potassium ari kuwa kunowedzera hardiness muchando gorosi, uye mukana wakakwana kugoverwa senitrogen kunowedzera zviri mapuroteni ari zviyo. The zvakawandisa neyokupedzisira, uyewo kunyanya hwevhu, zvichiita kudyara pokugara.

chando gorosi

Kumatunhu vane Breeders nguva dzose munhu kusvika. Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana chando gorosi ramera pasi kudiridzwa anofanira akacherekedza apindure yakakwirira fetiraiza, mamwe mwando ivhu uyewo nemishonga kuti pokugara uye fungal zvirwere.

Best nokuti gorosi vari pasi mashava uye dema ivhu iri magadzirirwo ayo, paavhareji, aeration zvakanaka. Ndizvo chando gorosi, vachirayira nevhu. Kukodzera nokuti - munyu, compaction uye wetlands. Modern mhando chando gorosi, anoshandiswa zvichienderana nharaunda, zvinotevera:

• Tarasovskaya Mubristlecone - cultured muna Voronezh uye Rostov kumatunhu.
• Rosinka Tarasovskaya - dzakakwirira inobereka-siyana.
• Mukurumbira - nokuti nzvimbo ine mukupera frosts (the Volga nharaunda, North Caucasus chinoda).
• Severodonetsk rejubheri (akura musi Kuban, Krasnodar, Rostov pamusoro nyika North Caucasus).
• Spring Tarasovskiy - vari dzabudapo kumaodzanyemba.
• August - kwemvura nemishonga mhando.
• Gavhuna Don.
• Don 105.
• Kamyshanka-3 - iri kurimwa muna Lower Volga.
• Nemchinovskaya-57 uye 24.
• Moscow, 39 uye 56.
• Galina.

Mugwaro rekupedzisira pazvinhu izvi akaberekwa kuna Black Earth, avo zviyo ane kubikira unhu mukuru.

chando gorosi mupfudze

With rworudyi kushanda fetiraiza mu unodiridzwa kurima yokukohwa inowedzera kubva 40 kusvika 70%. Fetiraiza nokuti chando gorosi zvinoshamisa kuwedzera goho nezviyo unhu. Mune kuedza zviri Institute wokurima pamusoro unodiridzwa munyika chirimwa yechando gorosi yakawedzera kubva 28.3 kusvika 51,9 quintals muzana hectare.

Kuwedzera goho kubva Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri mwero senitrogen fetiraiza kumaodzanyemba nyika yakanga 10-10,6, kubva phosphate - 1.2-1.6, uye nokuda kwavo Joint Action - 12,1-16,9 t / ga.To ikoko chando gorosi nenzira dzakasiyana vanoteerera mumwe mabhatiri. Pakapera masayendisiti, potashi fetiraiza zvinofanira kuitwa chete kana ivhu asingasviki 300 MG / makirogiramu pamusoro Mobile potassium.

Rate kuti fetiraiza dzaona nepakati nzira, inobva voparadza vakaronga yokukohwa, Kuwanikwa zvokudya muvhu uye coefficient kuti digestibility zvinomera. Infestation yechando gorosi yekudyidzana akazoita kunyatsoshanda kuti fetiraiza kushandiswa, achidzikisa kukohwa kunosvika 12-15%.

An chinokosha kuchengeterwa kuwedzera kubudirira fetiraiza siyana nokuti chando gorosi iri dzakafanana chaizvo spacing yeminda. By ichi anofanira akaswedera nokungwarira. Nitrogen fetiraiza nokuti chando gorosi inofanira kushandiswa zvokusarudza, kufungisisa dzomunharaunda ivhu uye okunze, uyewo zvipenyu zviri kurimwa mhando, kukosha vakaronga yauinayo.

Kana akura ari rinorema uye svikiro nevhu ane zvikuru zvekufuga zvevhu mvura uye pasi senitrogen tigutsikane muvhu kuti nani fetiraiza ichiparara --zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu dzinokosha mitemo pasi kurapwa, uye vamwe - iri kupfeka pakupera remvura tillering.

On chiedza nevhu, uyewo rinorema, ane panzvimbo kudzika pasi mvura inobvira kurasikirwa nitrogenous fetiraiza, saka 30% of mwero negore inofanira kushandiswa pasi presowing kurimwa, vamwe - muchirimo dzichifura. Munzvimbo senitrogen reserves muvhu yakawedzera, zvichiita senitrogen fetiraiza vari kuwa dzisingashandi nokuti aizotungamirira kuti panova iri chirimwa, thickening zvirimwa. Muzviitiko zvakadaro, 40% of mwero senitrogen wepagore rinoshandiswa kumavambo spring, apo 60% - pashure.

Masayendisiti muGermany, Belgium, Great Britain uye Austria vanofunga kuti kuwana 80-95 makirogiramu / ha yechando gorosi pamamiriro senitrogen fetiraiza inobatsira kuti pre-rokudyara nguva, saka vose senitrogen mwero inokurudzirwa kuti govera pa 3-4 fertilization, uye kushandisa fetiraiza kunofanira pamwe pakatanga fungicides.

Kuvandudza zviyo zvirimwa muchando gorosi inosimbisa urea mu earing chehupenyu. MuGermany, pasi yechando gorosi kuti mvura mupfudze pa mwero 20-30 cubic metres pa hectare, shandisa pamberi kudyara kana panguva Mwaka wokukura. Vanotsvakurudza muFrance uye United States vanoti kuwana goho 80 DT / ha hazvo zvinoda kushandiswa kudiridzwa mvura pamwe foliar kushanda fetiraiza kuti tsika mvura ine kunzwisisa mhando, iyo ine macro- uye micronutrients (Zn, MG, Fe, B). kuberekesa yechando ichi gorosi kunonatsiridza zvirimwa yepamusoro uye nechokwadi kukura kwayo nokuda 2-6 centners por hectare.

gorosi

Cross-rokudyara nzira imwe neimwe hectare anoponesa 50-60 makirogiramu mbeu, kuwedzera zviyo goho tichienzanisa namahwindo drills rokudyara rinosvika quintals nomwe paminiti hectare. Naizvozvo, yechando gorosi unodyarwa muchinjikwa, akavharwa drills, bhandi uye razbrosnym nzira. Rakajairika kwakajairika unyanzvi - pamwe mberi nokudzoka shure pakati masendimita 15, achiita zvaidiwa tramline.

Kana purazi rinoitwa Semi-pfupi chando gorosi mhando, izvozvo akataura-mutsetse matatu bhandi pakudyara, iyo inopa kuwedzera goho achienzaniswa mutsetse rokudyara. Akaita zvakanaka uye mubhedha seeding, riri kuitwa ne musanganiswa mbeu pfupi uye kwakajairika mhando. Nokuda longline uye chirimwa kuvandudza ezvirevo 10-15% phytoclimate iri nani, iyo inoita zvikuru nzwisisika, mutengo-inoshanda uye kushandisa zvibereko pamusoro matura mwando, kuderedza Migumisiro yakaipa dzakakwirira tembiricha saka kukura pa 8-24% gorosi nemishonga pamusoro Somuenzaniso, mudzi rots.

yechando gorosi chirimwa iri chaizvo kutsigirwa yokudyara nenguva. zuva ose akarasika upenyu kunoderedza zviyo goho kubudikidza 20-60 makirogiramu. yechando gorosi seeding ngazviitwe nguva. Kunyanya zvikuru kunoderedza chirimwa kudyarwa muna October, kupfuura chimwe chinhu nazvo sei korotkostebelchatye akasiyana kuti inoda kwokutanga wava. mbeu duku inofanira kudyarwa kudzika, uye makuru - zvakadzama. Kudzika kukumbanidzwa ivhu mbeu kuitwa mhepo seeders kana anokwana zviyero zvabatanidzwa, unokurudzira zvikuru kuwedzera goho zvirimwa.

Seed rokudyara wokuyera pfungwa kuvimba siyana, nembeu saizi, achikusha misi uye kukura munharaunda. Seeding zvazvingava anofanira kusiyaniswa vo zvichienderana mwero kusvibiswa musango.

Care zvirimwa

Mutarisire zvirimwa kunosanganisira compacting, kuitisa kuberekesa, chitubu ambopinda Zvinotambudza pokugara, uyewo masora uye tupukanana siyana uye zvirwere. Muzvinhu zvakawanda chando chando chengetedzo zvinofanira kuitwa, izvo anovandudza chando miti uye anowedzera mwando muvhu reserves. Spring kutarisira zvirimwa rinotanga pakusangana uye nhungirwa ambopinda. Muminda, izvo zviri wakagadzirirwa kukura kudiridza, ambopinda kunofanira kuitwa kufungisisa zvechadenga kudiridza Network. In pamberi unodiridzwa rinoparadza vanofanira ambopinda chete munzira yokudyara; mu amabwe pamihoronga Tinonyanya yaunganidzwa ambopinda muhombe nebadza.

In pamberi masora zvirimwa yechando kubudiswa yaifanira sora gorosi. Vasati kudyara zvirimwa vari sprayed kupinda chubhu. Panguva imwe chete iyoyo, zvirimwa inofanira kubatwa pamusoro powdery nokuvhuvha kana shizha ngura. yechando gorosi chirwere kubatwa systemic mishonga iri "Bayletonomil" uye "fundazol".

Kana zvirimwa vane chinch tsikidzi, aphid, rwendo, piyavitsy, nzira inoshandiswa 'Metaphase "kana" phosphamide ", 40%. Kuchengetedza Operations nokuti zvirimwa yegorosi vanofanira chokubatanidza uye uzviite maviri kana katatu rwunotiponesawo mari, basa uye nguva. Processing zvirimwa desirably kuitwa panguva achidiridzira tichibatanidza kushanda nevanhu ava vane kudiridza mvura.

Akaderedza chando gorosi kunobva kusimba uye paanowedzera zvirimwa pokugara uye anogona kusvika pasi kudiridzwa 25-50% webasa mari, uye zvinoreva kukohwa inokura katatu, uye kunaka chirimwa iri yekudyidzana ipfupi. Application Turan pamusoro unodiridzwa nyika hazvo mwero Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri zvinodhaka ndiko makirogiramu matatu / Ha a.i. Treatment rinoitwa munguva kuguma tillering. On cultivars asingatani yevaenzi, zvichiita wokuyera guru, uye kuno rumwe - duku. Processing rwokuparidza korotkostebelchatyh muchando gorosi cultivars zvisingaiti.

kudiridza

Kudiridza - huru chinokonzera padunhu zvibereko chando gorosi zvose kumatunhu ayo kurimwa. Kuwedzera zviyo goho kudiridza - ndiyo mabikirwo kurimwa chando gorosi, kubudirira kudiridza nemagariro kunowedzera ake co-kushanda pamwe fetiraiza.

Kana chando gorosi kukura vanofanira kupa optimum hwevhu kuti imere zvakanakanaka uye zvakajairika kwematsutso chirimwa kukura. Izvi zvinoitwa presowing kana zvetsika achidiridzira. kukosha kwavo zvichisiyana dzakasiyana dzine zvokurima. Munzvimbo kunonaya kakawanda muna kuwa uye yakadzika soaking ivhu kusvikira kutsime, kudiridza umbirimi kunoderedza. Munzvimbo dzine yakaoma kwematsutso uye kushomeka hwevhu matsutso mvura mvura vachishoropodza yakakwirira goho yechando gorosi.

In nokuvumba kudiridza prices vanofanira kufungawo kudzika munyu horizons uye pasi mumatunhu. Kudiridza mvura irege kusvika anobereka munyu-jengachenga, sezvo ichiputswa munyu vanogona kumuka rirambe richibvira kuitika uye pickle ivhu rukoko apo midzi dziri. Kudiridza sashanda pedyo pamwero pasi. Kunwisa kudiridza rate zvinogona kukonzera waterlogging. Kudiridza kubudirira pasi kudzika 3 mamita kana kupfuura. Pamusangano kudzika metres rimwe nehafu ivhu nokudiridza atsive kudiridza pamberi kudyara. Kudiwa kudiridza pashure kumera kunoitika rakaoma ezvinhu uye kuwa pamusoro nyika vane pasi tafura rakadzika. Nguva kudiridzwa tinofanira kutsunga panguva yokudyara yechando gorosi, mvura zvivako, kudiridza midziyo uye kuchenesa nguva tsika.

kukohwa

The optimum Nguva kukohwa yechando gorosi - vanonzi namo okusimba tsanga yegorosi. danho iri apo zviri tsanga dzine yakakwirira yakaoma fuma. Senikatsiya (spraying kunokohwa) zvirimwa zvinobatsira kuti nani kuibvisa netsika imwe, anowedzera zvibereko yechando gorosi, saka unofanira kuedza kupedza rokuchenesa munguva pfupi uye shoma zvinoita kurasikirwa.

Operational Kukohwa kuchaderedza kurasikirwa ayo uye tichizvibata unhu zviyo. Zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti kuvharirwa yokukohwa yechando gorosi nevanhu mazuva anopfuura gumi zvichiita kuti kuvapo rutapudzo zviyo goho nokuda quintals nomwe chete hectare, asi zviri panguva iyoyo mapuroteni mu zviyo kuderedzwa hafu muzana.

zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza kusvika

yechando gorosi kurimwa pachishandiswa, uyewo chero rokurima kugadzira, zvinhu zvinoverengeka:

• zviwanikwa - yakananga zuva simba, mumhepo kupisa, mvura muchimiro kwemvura, ivhu;
• zvakananga simba mari kuti pagadzirwe zvinhu nokuda chaiyo michina kana kuti vachida;
• kunanga simba mari, izvo zvinoshandiswa chirimwa kurimwa michina mune mutero, kubudiswa uye okuchengetera zvinhu.

Munyika mune Vanzveri generating tinokwanisa overruns. Kuti awane 1% kubva GDP mumusha inowedzerawo simba kushandiswa ne 2-3%. ivhu utsinye nemakwenzi chinonyanya dzinodhura. Izvi michina kare mashoma apfuura kwaita kuti vasanyanye manyowa uye ivhu kudzikisirana. Global kuitika kukura chando gorosi, kuchinja kurimwa michina kunongedzera nzira mari kurima.

Vanopfuura mamiriyoni 124 hectares nyika munyika kushandurirwa kukudzivirirai rwokugadzira. Mumwe matanho kuvandudza simba Kushanda uye simba zveruponiso ndiyo kuvandudzika kubva itsva mapurazi matsva - nezvakatipoteredza uye zvoupfumi yemashoko vakarongeka kugadzirwa pamwe wevasungwa hwemazuva simba uye zvekuvaka-rokuponesa ruzivo. ruzivo izvi zvinosanganisira: mulching zvirimwa, yakananga seeding, kudiridza kunyatsoshanda. yechando gorosi kukura anopa okusuma ruzivo izvi.

Kushandiswa dongo, iyo inogona kuwanikwa mune zvokurima, ndiko kuburikidza Implementation muzvirongwa pakushandisa renewable simba pasi pose. Kunyanya, kurima gorosi chete tani nezviyo yaibereka matani 2 youswa. Rokutanga wakatemerwa mashanga zvinganaka vakarima nyika vavezve kubereka. Asi chikamu kabanzu zvinogona kushandiswa kuichinja simba briquettes.

Gorosi - Nde chikafu tsika munyika dzakawanda, nokuda aakatipa muviri kukosha zviyo zvayo akapfuma sezvamunoita. Apo chando gorosi iri kukura zvakanaka, zviri dzinozivikanwa vaikudzwa zvirimwa. zvokuvhoterwa ichi North Caucasus, Central Black Earth mudunhu, Ukraine. Winter gorosi iri zvakakwana anoshandisa mwando kwematsutso uye chitubu, pamakwenzi mangwanani chaizvo ichiibvira, uye ari ndoda sei kwemvura uye mhepo inopisa.