Structural payakavakirwa - kwakajeka kumiririrwa fuma

It yagara kugamuchirwa zviri makemikari anoumba chero fuma chinyorwa rakapfupikiswa nokuda zviratidzo uye indices (nhamba). Achinyora seizvi anonzi "empirical" mutoo. Somuenzaniso, Kuronga phosphoric asidhi kunooneka chimiro ichi - H ₃ PO _4. Kubva kurekodha ichi, kuti morekuru zviri phosphoric asidhi rinoumbwa rehydrogen maatomu matatu, rimwe - phosphorus, uye mana - okisijeni. Zvisinei, hazvina kujeka kuti zvinhu zviri interconnected, i.e. ruzivo zvisakakwana. Kuti tipindure gwanza ichi, kuti STRUCTURAL payakavakirwa zvinoshanda fuma.

remubatanidzwa akadaro ane mukuru akarekodwa mashoko kugutsikana kubva tichibatsirwa schematically rakaratidzwa, sei uye chii kutevedzana zvinhu fuma interconnected. Pakazoti mumwe covalent chisungo (peya maerekitironi) inomiririrwa nokuputsanya uye anoenderana mumwe chairema Valencia.

Somuenzaniso, okisijeni ane Valence mbiri, rakakomberedzwa mitsara miviri, rehydrogen - Valence mumwe, saka, mumwe nokuputsanya, phosphorus - mashanu, dashes shanu. Kwakavakirwa kunyora zvakadaro zvinogona vaifungidzira namakemikari ehupfumi of zvinhu kuti patsanura uye kuronga.

The STRUCTURAL payakavakirwa anogona kunyorwa zvakakwana uye mupfupi chimiro. zvisungo zvose pakati maatomu akanyatsojekesa nguva rakawedzerwa chimiro, uye nokuda achinyora rakapfupikiswa - kwete.

Chinonyanya pachena uye zvinokosha ari mufananidzo graphical pakati yeimwe mune makemikari kemisitiri. Chokwadi, nzvimbo ine zvinhu regai chete kuvimba nhamba kwemaatomu uye mamorekuru asiwo Unorudzi kwokubatana kwavo. Fani iyi inonzi "isomers" (branching pamusoro kabhoni chain).

Somuenzaniso, mashoko STRUCTURAL yokuita ethane rinoti vose Valence yose kabhoni kubatikana, uye anogona vasingachakwanisi pamurume pacharo kune dzimwe maatomu. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti C ₂ H ₆ - Rinomiririra zvine Mahydrocarbon, covalent chisungo ari Morekuru, vewakasununguka maerekitironi Naizvozvo zvinogoneka chete ethane kuzvitsinhanisa kuita uye R Oren.

The STRUCTURAL yokuita pafuma rinoratidzawo kuti dzichipfekeka mapoka makabhohaidhiretsi: alkyl boka - kubva alcohols, aldehyde - kubva aldehydes benzene neerekitironi - the anonhuhwirira yeimwe. Mukuwedzera, achibatsirwa schematic mifananidzo nyore "akaona" nokuvapo mamirire zvisungo zvine Mahydrocarbon - kuroora covalent chisungo. Unsaturated: ethylene - kaviri chisungo, diene - maviri miviri zvisungo, katatu - acetylene.

Structural payakavakirwa Fructose muenzaniso spatial isomerism. carbohydrate Izvi zvakafanana Qualitative uye quantitative sezvamunoita sezvo shuga. The Kugadzirisa anouya dzakawanda. Kubva yakajeka payakavakirwa fructose chinogona kuonekwa kuti unotora munhu ketone uye hydroxy boka, i.e., The fuma ine "hunyambiri" zvivako zviri alcohols uye ketones. Uyewo, nzira iyi anotibvumira ndisimbise kuti ketonospirt kunokonzerwa vakasara uye cyclic-shuga uye pentose shuga (fructose).

Saka STRUCTURAL yokuita - a graphical Nomufananidzo ane fuma naro kuziva nzvimbo maatomu ari Morekuru kwakavakirwa mhando pakukurukurirana uye dzavo unhu.