Yakabatana nhaka

Akadaro chinhu sezvo nhaka unhu, zvikuru akadzidza mu genetics. Kuti anotsanangura kufanana vana uye vabereki. Zvinofadza kuti vamwe kuratidzwa zviratidzo vari nhaka pamwe chete. Fani iyi chinorondedzerwa zvakadzama kuti nguva yokutanga musayendisiti T. Morgan, yakasvika pakuzivikanwa se "kwakabatana nhaka." Tichataura zvakawanda nezvazvo.

Sezvo chikazozikamwa, muviri wose ane zvimwe nhamba majini. Okutodza sezvinoitwa iyi - sezvo tisingatauri vashoma. Enzanisa wakasimba womunhu muviri ane 46 okutodza. Gene sezvazvakaita chiuru nguva yakawanda. Zvisarudzirei pachako: Gene wose basa imwe unhu, richiratidzwa nechitarisiko munhu. Sezvingatarisirwa, vazhinji vavo. Saka, takatanga kutaura kuti majini vanoverengeka vemunyika kune rimwe chromosome. majini izvi zvinonzi mapoka linkage uye kutsanangura kwakabatana nhaka. dzidziso kwakadaro kunokosha masayendisiti kwenguva refu, asi chete T. Morgan akapa tsanangudzo yake.

Kusiyana nhaka majini kuti vemunyika dzakasiyana yegwara chete chromosome, zvakabatana nhaka kunokonzera paumbwe digeterozigotnoy munhu zviviri chete mhando gametes, kudzokorora kutevedzana yacho nevabereki majini.

Pamwe izvi, pane gametes, wemishonga majini zvakasiyana mubereki okutodza. mugumisiro Iri migumisiro Crossover - a kwacho ane kukosha mune genetics zvakaoma kuona, nokuti anobvumira mwana kugamuchira siyana zviratidzo kuvabereki vose.

Zvakasikwa, pane mhando nhatu Gene nhaka. Kuti uzive kuti mhando zviri tinoberekwa peya ichi pavo, vakashandisa bvunzo muchinjikwa. Somugumisiro, zviri chokwadi kuti mumwe zvitatu pazasi:

1. An akazvimirira nhaka. Panyaya iyi, nevaNefirimu vakasiyana mumwe uye kubva kuvabereki vavo chitarisiko, mune mamwe mazwi, somugumisiro, tine 4 phenotypes zvakasiyana.

2. Full adhesion magene. chizvarwa chokutanga VaNefirimu vakanga yaunganidzwa pokuyambuka kwevabereki vanhu ndivo chete phenotype indistinguishable vabereki uye mumwe.

3. Kuzara adhesion magene. Kungofanana mumutsetse wokutanga, kana mayambuka anoshandura giredhi 4 phenotypes siyana. Zvisinei, panguva iyoyo, nokuumbwa genotypes itsva zvakasiyana zvachose mubereki Fund. Hazvina kana izvi gamete inotungamirwa kwacho chacho Crossover ataurwa pamusoro.

Zvinonzi zvakare kuwanikwa kuti duku daro pakati kwemajini nhaka iri kwevabereki chromosome, kwakondiko kwavo kwakabatana nhaka zvizere. Saizvozvowo, achigura nepakati vari vakaronga, vashoma mazambuko kunoitika munguva meiosis. Daro pakati majini - a chinhu zvikurukuru anosarudza mukana chokuita nhaka.

Yoga zvakafanira nokuongorora chokuita nhaka kwakabatana pabonde. Zvisinei, musimboti ndizvo zvakafanana ari musimboti rwa pamusoro, nhaka majini kana ichi yakarongwa zvepabonde okutodza. Saka, kutaura pamusoro peizvi mhando nhaka zvinogoneka chete panyaya mhuka (murume pakati pavo), vamwe zvinokambaira nezvipembenene.

Kufungisisa chokwadi kuti xy - a yakatarwa okutodza, unoenderana vanhurume, uye XX - female, tinoona kuti zvose huru zviri izvo mhosva simba kwomuviri, dziri pamusoro chromosome aripo ari genotype ose muviri. Chokwadi, tiri kutaura pamusoro X - chromosome. In vakadzi vanogona kuvapo zvose recessive uye hukuru majini pamusoro okutodza. Men anogona nhaka mumwe chete nzira - kureva kuti zviratidzo kunooneka pachayo iri phenotype kana kwete.

Linked nhaka nokuda zvepabonde, kazhinji akanzwa ari akapoteredza kwezvirwere izvo yaingowanikwa nayo varume, apo vakadzi vari chete vatakuri:

• hemophilia,
• upofu;
• Nai Han - Alex syndrome.