Zvine Mahydrocarbon: mukuru maitiro, isomers, zvemakemikari ehupfumi

Mahydrocarbon - nyore kirasi Organic zvinhu, asi mamorekuru maviri chete maatomu kwemakemikari zvinhu - kabhoni uye rehydrogen. Pakati siyana yeHydrocarbon nemakemikari kwetunhu nzira vakagadzirira makirasi akawanda pane makemikari yeimwe.

Mahydrocarbon rakakamurwa subclasses maviri - acyclic uye cyclic. By acyclic Mahydrocarbon, kana mafuta Mahydrocarbon kana aliphatic Mahydrocarbon, zvinosanganisira zvinotevera mapoka: zvine Mahydrocarbon (alkanes), unsaturated (alkenes, alkynes, dienes), acyclic terpenes. The cyclic mapoka yeHydrocarbon raimiririra cycloparaffins, nhandare uye cyclic terpenes. Terpenes dzimwe nguva anonzi chinangwa nokudzidza bioorganic kemisitiri.

Zvine Mahydrocarbon (alkanes) - remubatanidzwa wenyika kabhoni uye rehydrogen mamorekuru umo valency zvose vasara pashure kubatana pakati kabhoni maatomu vari kuroorwa chisungo, zvine kabhoni maatomu rehydrogen. alkanes All anogona kunzi sezvo homologues kana nomukaka zviri methane. Kana methane, ine samolecular yokuita CH4, bvisa imwe rehydrogen atomu aumbwa PARTICIPLE - CH3 kukuru. Nokuti kuti morekuru ane makemikari fuma akafanana kabhoni iri kazhinji tetravalent, kubatana pakati radicals mbiri yakadaro hunokonzera nechitarisiko mumiririri rechipiri homologous akatevedzana - ethane (C2H6). Kana ethane kubva tora mumwe rehydrogen atomu, imwe ethyl kukuru aumbwa, iyo, pashure maererano rechitatu homolog rinoumbwa CH3 - propane.

Kuongorora STRUCTURAL nzira propane, nyore kuisa, kuti nemamiriro ayo Morekuru rine marudzi maviri kabhoni maatomu - nesekondari. Mumwe chikuru kabhoni atomu akasungwa mumwe kabhoni atomu rimwe rawo valency, uye yechipiri - valencies maviri kabhoni maatomu maviri. Kana subtracted kubva chikuru kabhoni Atomu rehydrogen propane, chikuru propyl aumba kubva yechipiri - propyl yechipiri. Kubatana chikuru kana yechipiri propyl bromide kunokonzera paumbwe STRUCTURAL Misiyano iri homolog wechina. kwokubatana vaviri vari kuumbwa - yakarurama kwomuzvarirwo butane uye isobutane carboxylic cheni mapazi kabhoni cheni.

Zvine Mahydrocarbon: mamiriro

A chaiwo mumiririri alkanes ndiyo methane. Molecular fomura CH4. For mamorekuru ose alkanes kwese Sigma chisungo. The morekuru methane kabhoni atomu rinoumbwa zvina covalent zvisungo yakafanira kusvika nhatu s- uye peji-orbitals uye mumwe rehydrogen atomu, - nokuda s-orbitals.

Zvine Mahydrocarbon: Nomenclature uye isomerism

Kana wasvava kunze, kuti STRUCTURAL payakavakirwa pamusoro homologous dzaitevedzana pakati methane, butane C4H10 kubva patinoudzwa chinonakidza kuti isomerism. Somuenzaniso, samolecular payakavakirwa C4H10 kusangana maviri nomumwe yeimwe S5N12 - vatatu. Zvadaro, nhamba isomers nokuwanda kabhoni maatomu ari morekuru ane alkane kunowedzera. Somuenzaniso, samolecular payakavakirwa S6N14 kusangana shanu STRUCTURAL Masvomhu uye munhu yeimwe ukuwo, S7N16 - 9, S8N18 - 18, C10H22 - 76 S12N26 - 355. The yokutanga ina mumiririri alkanes - magasi rechishanu kusvika nemiviri - mvura, sezvo nemitanhatu - nezvishoma .

Chemical ehupfumi kuti zvine Mahydrocarbon

All inonyorovesa inert zvinhu. Izvi kuitira kuti mamorekuru pamusoro alkanes ose kabhoni uye rehydrogen maatomu kwakabatana Sigma zvisungo, saka yeimwe izvi hazvigoni zvakabatanidzwa rehydrogen maatomu. Alkanes vanoita yakakura halogenation, nitration, cleavage. Panguva halogenation halogens nyore okutsiva maatomu ari morekuru rehydrogen alkane. Kana nitriding nitro nyore yaiitawo basa rehydrogen ari tertiary, zvakaoma - ari wechipiri chikuru kabhoni atomu.

Yakazara uye unsaturated Mahydrocarbon ndiwo yakatsvuka zvinhu hwokubereka siyana Organic zvinhu. Kukamurwa kubvisa rehydrogen maatomu kubva zvine Mahydrocarbon kunogona kuwanikwa unsaturated (alkenes, alkynes).