Covalent chisungo

Kokutanga kwakadaro pfungwa somunhu covalent chisungo mishonga akataura pashure Panovhurwa Gilbert Newton Lewis, uyo akarondedzera chisungo sezvo socialization ari maerekitironi maviri. More zvichangobva ongororo akazviti covalent chisungo musimboti. Shoko anogona kunzi covalent kemisitiri sechikamu atomu kukwanisa kuumba zvisungo nevamwe maatomu.

Heuno muenzaniso:

Pane maatomu maviri zviduku kusiyana electronegativity (C uye CL, C uye H). Kazhinji, izvi maatomu, nemamiriro pamusoro Erekitironi goko riri zvayakaita sezvo pedyo sezvinobvira kuti Erekitironi goko ari inert magasi.

Kana izvi zvinhu zvaitika kukwezvana nuclei kwemaatomu izvi kuna Erekitironi vaviri, zvakajairika kuti. Panyaya iyi, iyo Erekitironi namakore kwete bindepinde, sapamazuva Ionic chokuedza. Covalent chisungo anopa yakachengeteka kubatana pakati maatomu maviri ndechokuti Erekitironi arambe achirema iri redistributed uye simba kuti gadziriro dzinoshandurwa, izvo zviri kukonzerwa "yokururamisa" mune nzvimbo internuclear imwe Erekitironi gore rimwe atomu. The akawanda yakawiriranwa pindana Erekitironi makore, kubatana anoonekwa kuva yakasimba.

Nokudaro, covalent chisungo - ndiyo dzidzo, izvo akasimuka kuburikidza yakawiriranwa socialization pamusoro maerekitironi zviviri kuva maatomu maviri.

Kazhinji, nezvinhu pamwe samolecular yekamuri iri inoumbwa covalent chisungo. Mamirire samolecular Chimiro vari kubvunda uye achibika yakaderera tembiricha murombo mvura solubility uye pasi magetsi conductivity. Nokudaro tinogona kugumisa kuti hwaro maumbirwo zvinhu zvakadai germanium, nesilicon, kuiisa chlorine, rehydrogen, - a covalent chisungo.

Properties kuti anowanzoramba hworudzi urwu remubatanidzwa:

1. Saturation. Under pfuma iyi kazhinji kunzwisiswa sezvo kunonyanyisa nhamba kwokubatana kuti vanogona kumisa zvakananga maatomu. Zvinonzi pakutsvaga chitsama uwandu orbitals vari maatomu kuti chinogona kubatanidzwa mune nokuumbwa kwemakemikari zvisungo. The valency of atomu, Ukuwo, angadzorwa tsunga maererano nokuwanda atoshandisa nechinangwa ichi orbitals.
2. Dzidziso. All maatomu vanowanzotevedzera kuumba akasimba anobvira chisungo. simba Maximum kunokwanisika panyaya masanga pamusoro spatial wezwi iri Erekitironi mumakore maatomu maviri, sezvo ivo bindepinde mumwe. Uyezve, ndiko covalent chisungo pfuma sezvo zvevhiki paupenyu spatial nokurongwa mamorekuru ose makemikari nyaya, kuti ndiye anokonzera yavo "geometrical chimiro".
3. Polarizability. Panzvimbo ino zvakavakirwa yokuti pane covalent linkage pakubhadhara maviri:

• polar kana zvisiri zvakafanana, ichibata. Kukurukurirana uku mhando anogona kuumba chete nemaatomu ane mhando dzakasiyana, i.e. avo vane electronegativity zvinosiyana zvikuru, kana iri nguva apo yose Erekitironi vaviri asymmetrically yakakamurwa.
• nonpolar covalent chisungo kunoitika pakati kabhoni maatomu, iro electronegativity izvo zviri kushanda vakaenzana, uye Erekitironi arambe achirema kuparadzirwa aiva yunifomu.

Uyezve, pane unhu quantitative pamusoro covalent chisungo:

• Nokusungwa simba. parameter iyi inechirevo polar ukama tichitarisa raro. Under simba chinorehwa chitsama kupisa chinodiwa kutyora kubatana pakati maatomu maviri, uyewo chitsama kupisa kuti yave dzinounzwa pa Junction yavo.
• Under chisungo urefu uye samolecular kemisitiri rinoreva kureba mutsetse pakati nuclei ari maatomu maviri. parameter iyi inechirevo chisungo simba zvakare.
• The dipole nguva - svinga iyo inechirevo polarity yacho Valencia chisungo.