Plutonium-238: kugadzirwa mu Russia, photo, unhu, kushanda

Plutonium-238 - fuma zvikuru ngozi. Rinoshandiswa pakuvaka nzvimbo zvinhu uye pakusika enyukireya. Munguva indasitiri anogadzirwa chete zvenyukireya reactors. Asati perestroika muna USSR, United States mubasa kugadzirwa isotopes pamusoro munharaunda yayo.

Plutonium-238 kugadzirwa kuti US

Kubereka plutonium-238, zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti tiite nguva yakawanda zvikuru uye basa tsvina. 150 makirogiramu ose plutonium apedza wose 50 chiuru tsvina midziyo. President Gorbachev yaitonga anokudzwa nehanya nevamwe. Perestroika vepamusoro akasarudza zvakanga zvakaipa nemarara pasi-American hama. Kubvira 1988, plutonium-238 anogadzirwa chete Russia.

Muna 1992, kurimwa sangano rinonzi "Lighthouse" akaita chibvumirano romugove kuti United States zvakawanda makirogiramu mashanu rimwe fuma inozivikanwa plutonium-238. Production mu Russia iri mune kure taundi Ozersk, nani aizivikanwa kuChelyabinsk-40. Profit kubva chibvumirano ichi vanofungidzirwa vanenge mamiriyoni 6. Huwandu plutonium anogadzirwa zvaizova zvakakwana kumhanya kubva 3 kusvika 6 satellites zvenyukireya zvivako. Vatsvakurudzi vazhinji vanodavira kuti zvinenge chinonyengera zvose vakadaro America pashure pokuwa Soviet Union ikoko chete kubudiswa muna Russia isotope.

Kushandira Pamwe kana utsinye?

Nechekwokutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 paiva diki, asi achiri kukosha wokupomera. Chokwadi chokuti United States rakashandisa satellites zvenyukireya zvivako kuti mukusora kuti Russia. Vakanga vakaita zvakafanana Russian isotope. Pasinei kuti, kugadzirwa plutonium-238 haina kumborega, nerubatsiro kuUnited States mberi. Uyezve, sezvo mangwanani sezvo 2003 pakati Russian kambani "TENEX" uye mumiriri American akanga kondirakiti kupa ichi isotope dioxide.

Zvisinei, plutonium-238, rakanga akatakurwa pamusoro munharaunda Russia, haana kugutsa makaro American havi. Pashure pezvose, States aifanira kutanga kukura chombo enhare muchadenga. Saka vakasarudza kuzodzosera kutanga kugadzirwa isotopes pa.

Zvikonzero America isotope kugadzirwa

kutanga isotope chirongwa yakagadzirwa States kwemakore 30, munguva iyo aifanira kubudisa anenge 158 makirogiramu nenhumbi ichi ngozi. Russian uye vatorwa vezvenhau vose vaifanira kuteerera chokwadi kuti izvi zviri kuitika kokutanga pashure pakupera kweHondo Yemashoko pamwe United States. Chero nzira, kutanga kugadzirwa chokuita zvichibvira nemauto mafomu States muchadenga. Hazvina kuwedzera runyararo uye kuti pakutanga kugadzirwa panguva yacho isotope rinobatana kushanda rimwe chombo kudzivirira kukura.

nyika dzakasiyana, dzakasiyana mitengo

Zvinofadza kuti pasi chibvumirano chibvumirano pamwe Russian kambani "TENEX" mutengo chete kilogram pamusoro isotope iri $ 1 miriyoni. Nepo America allocates kazana pane plutonium-238. Production muRussia nguva yose iyi zvakaitika panguva dumped mitengo - a mwoyo mhedziso zvakadaro. In Russian vanhu vakaratidza mafungiro akasiyana "pamwe" yakadaro United States. The Federal Agency kuti Atomic Energy vanodavira kuti rokutengesa izvi zvakadaro zvinobatsira uye zvakafanira kuti upfumi. Uyezve, Russia anogona kutengesa plutonium-238 munyika 32 pasi pose. Chii anotsanangura ichi vade uye nei isotope ichi?

Plutonium-238: chikumbiro

Kutaura zvazviri, isotope uyu byproduct kuti plutonium-239. Uye iyewo, Nde pakuderedza iri Zvinoumba zvombo zvenyukireya. Munguva kweHondo Yemashoko, yaiva mhaka nzvimbo rudzi, vamwe divi zvakanga takasununguka zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, plutonium-239 anobudiswa South Carolina kuvaka enyukireya. Uye yakapiwa Kubudirira kuti pagadzirwe satellites uye Yatanga Kuongorora. Kamwe imwe kambani iri South Carolina inonzi "Savannah River" rave akavharwa, kuti US akatanga kutenga isotope kuRussia.

Plutonium-238 - dzakanakira huni kushandiswa pakuongorora nzvimbo. nemwaranzi yaro iri radioactive. Asi, nepo mune imwe zvokunyama, isotope iri kufamba. Somuenzaniso, plutonium-238 runowanzotaurwa akanyudzwa iridium granules. Ivo hwihwinyara tsvuku, uye ivo kukuisa yakawanda kupisa. Nepo iridium granules havadarowo kuvimbika isotope zvinokuchengetedzai. The granules vakaiswa jenareta chaiyo kuti pave kutendeutsa kupisa mukati magetsi. Kuburikidza ichi nzvimbo satellites vachiri kuongorora nzvimbo akazaruka dzezvimwe, nokuti muitiro generating magetsi nenzira iyi inogona zvaiwanzoitika rose emakore.

Yanhasi mumatanda pamusoro plutonium-238

Mishumo zhinji, nyika reserves yamarudzi uku kukurumidza kuchembera. Recently muna US inonzi Nature yakabudisa nyaya pasi iyo NASA chasara 35 chete makirogiramu isotope. Uye somunhu huni anogona kushandiswa, chete hafu ichi yaipedzerwa. The vakaronga rwendo kuenda Mars kare kutora 5 kg pamusoro Pu-238. Russia zvakare Pari asisiri anotengesa isotope ichi. Zvichida isu, zvakare, ari kupera.

Nemafashamo njodzi mukushandisa isotope

Kasiri kare, US mauto akanga apfurwa pasi nenzvimbo Satellite. Taiita izvi ostensibly kuti asashandiswe kusingadzoreki kuwa. NePentagon akati Satellite yairema matani 5 anopararira munzvimbo zviuru zvitatu zvidimbu pamusoro nePacific Ocean. Mumwe nezvimedu kukura kwakanga nehasha akafanana bhora. Muchikepe Satellite spyware akanga 500 makirogiramu hydrazine - propellant iro rine yakakwirira toxicity. Uye kwaiva chitsama isotope plutonium-238 - chaiwo inofananidza havasi nePentagon akati.

Kutyisidzira vanhu vose

Asi chokwadi, mumwe kutyisidzira kupfuura ngozi yose pasi ndiro isotope plutonium-238. Unhu zvokuti 450 chete magiramu izvi zvinhu zvinogona kukonzera kenza rose revanhu. The hafu-upenyu pamusoro plutonium-238 makore anenge 90. Saka chii ava "nhabvu balls" richava refu kuchetura nyika navageremo.

Zvisinei, izvi hazvina kutanga munhoroondo kurwiswa kwenyukireya kubva muchadenga. All Time Space Research 49 satellites vakanga tabva renyukireya zvivako. 36 vavo vari vachimhanya Russia uye Soviet Union, 13 - States. Zvino muchadenga panguva imwe kukwira pamusoro pakati 800 uye 1,000 makiromita vane 50 satellites zvenyukireya nezvimedu. Kusiya pasina zvizvarwa zvavanhu se "nhaka" rufu zvenyukireya, Ph.D. Hussein Chechenov proposes kutsiva plutonium-238 zvishoma ngozi uranium exchange-235.

The kutyisidzira, sezvinei, vakapfuura Russian

In kuwa 2016 kare akatangira kuwa American Satellite rinonzi UARS, iyo, nokuda kufara sezvineiwo, nendege yapfuura. Kumbofungidzira zvimwe chinhu anowira misi - kutanga zvakanga September 17, uye ipapo - yechi23. Munhau, nokuti chero zvikonzero, hazvina kutaura kuti hazvina chaizvoizvo kunyange Satellite, asi bhomba chaicho renyukireya. Ungangove, izvi zvakaitwa kuti varege kupararira kutya pakati yevagari. Mushure kwomwedzi uzere plutonium-238. Photos of nzvimbo chinhu kunoratidza kuti UARS Kukura akafanana kuti kukura trolley.

Maererano NASA maberere, aifanira kuwa nechepakati Russia. Kana zvakanyatsoitika, mumazuva mashomanana vanenge 300 zviuru. Vanhu muMoscow vangafa kubva pulmonary edema. UARS asi vamwe chikonzero ndakagara vakawira pasi chete musi waSeptember 24, kurovanya mugungwa pedyo Canada. Pu-238 wakanga makirogiramu anenge 30. Canada haisi kekutanga kushanyira chinouraya nzvimbo Satellite. Nguva yokutanga hurumende vakakwanisa kuuya pasi kuuya chinhu pamusoro tinosvika kuna kondinendi, uye iyewo akawira mugungwa.