Chemical Bonding uye nheyo dzayo inotungamirwa

Chemical chisungo - zviri zvikuru kunzwisisa pfungwa, iyo yakaumbwa nguva refu chesvondo uye pfungwa nemamiriro atomu. Saka, muna emakore XVI -XVII vaiva vokutanga kuedza kutsanangura makemikari Kufanana inobva corpuscular dzidziso. Boyle akafunga kuti vadaro nemakemikari ndiyo masanga kuti inoramba iri zvechizarira-kiyi mhando, t. E. maatomu vari "kuenda" uye "kunzwisisa" kuumbika matsva zvinhu. Gare gare, muna XVIII remakore. kutsiva zvokuimba pfungwa kunobva simba, iyo yaiva mutsigiri Newton. Aidavira kuti mhaka makemikari zvakafanana simba kukwezvana dzakasiyana zvikuru. Muzana XIX remakore. Rinotanga electrochemical kumwedzi. Panguva ino, imwe kemisiti wokuGermany Kekulé akataura kuti Valence akaenzana nhamba kwemaatomu kwemakemikari zvisungo. Kushandisa uku kutaura simbi dzinomirira STRUCTURAL zvokuimba pamusoro mamorekuru iyo dashes akasarudzwa namakemikari zvisungo. Zvakanga ose prerequisites kuti tsanangudzo pfungwa "namakemikari kukurukurirana", riri kuumbwa zvachose chete pashure kuwanikwa Erekitironi. Zvakanga hypothesized kuti pashure kuti zvinhu zviri inoumbwa sangano kana kuchinja kuti maerekitironi kubva mumwe atomu kune mumwe. Nokufamba kwenguva, kubvuma ichi dzesayenzi hwakasimbiswa uye zvino kushandiswa nokutaura kuti makemikari chisungo chakaumbwa nesungano pakati maerekitironi uye nuclei pamusoro maatomu zviri chikamu mamorekuru.

Tsanangura mhando zvigadzirwa kukurukurirana kuchabatsira rehydrogen atomu. Zvinozivikanwa kuti rine imwe unpaired Erekitironi, unova wokutanga simba revarombo. Apo vaviri rehydrogen maatomu wavo anotanga kukwezva maerekitironi chinoumba chimwe, uye vakutarisire. Mezhuyev maatomu kudyidzana kunoitika, daro pakati pavo zvinoderedza, kuti kukwezvana iri zvinodzikamiswa kuvenga of nuclei. The Morekuru, izvo achangobva kuumbwa, kuti Erekitironi arambe achirema inowedzerwa. Izvi zviviri Erekitironi makore zvokutanga nezvimedu ikashandiswa kuti vaumbe imwe Morekuru zvemagetsi gore. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, makemikari chisungo ndiwo mugumisiro wacho bindepinde pakati Erekitironi orbitals kwemaatomu siyana nokuda nesungano pakati unpaired maerekitironi.

Zvisinei, havasi vose maatomu anosangana. Saka, regai bindepinde ari Erekitironi anoshongwa ose inert magasi, i.e. Ivo vanoramba yakatsiga. Zvichienderana ichi pokutonga akagadzira octets pamusoro Lewis, iyo inoti kuti zvose maatomu kwezvinhu zvine maatomu akafanana kwemakemikari chisungo inotungamirwa vanowanza kushandura electronic goko configuration pedyo inert gasi, kana achabatanidza kupa maerekitironi.

Huripo Zvinhu marudzi anoverengeka pakukurukurirana. Saka, pane Ionic, esimbi, covalent, anyatsoronga-acceptor. Somuenzaniso, kemikari chokuedza chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi ariko chete esimbi okunze. Zvinonzi inoumbwa ne hazviiti Erekitironi 1-2 mumwe atomu, i.e., pedyo nezvimedu vari "yakakamurwa" maerekitironi, Nderipi mondo imwe mhando. Mukati ezvinhu iyi simbi ions dziri.

Pachishandiswa zvataurwa, zvinganzi vakagumisa kuti makemikari chisungo chiri kubata pakati maatomu, kunoitika kuburikidza kupanana maerekitironi kana achichinja kubva rimwe zvokutanga tudonhwe zvinhu mumwe.