Paul Yablochkov: pfupi Biography, mapikicha, kuvamba. Kuvhura Yablochkov Pavel Nikolayevich

Nhasi zvakaoma kufungidzira kuti shoko "magetsi" havana kuziva zvose anenge 100 apfuura. In experimental sainzi hakusi nyore chaizvo kuwana piyona, zvose yokungotaura. In mabhuku uye zvakanyorwa, Archimedes, Achibvuma pfungwa yaPythagoras theorem no, binomial theorem no, ari Copernican hurongwa, Einstein pfungwa, Periodic table ... Asi zita munhu akazogadzira yemagetsi chiedza, kwete vose anoziva.

Ndiani akasika girazi chinu pamwe nevhudzi simbi mukati - chiedza girobhu racho? Hazvisi nyore kupindura mubvunzo uyu. Pashure pezvose, kuvamba ichi chokuita gumi nevaviri masayendisiti. In pamisara yavo - Pavel Yablochkov, mupfupi Biography ari munyaya ino. muvambi ichi Russian inomira kwete chete nokuda kukura (198 cm), asi rinoshandawo. basa rake nheyo okuvimba nemagetsi. Pasina munharaunda masayendisiti achine simba mufananidzo pamusoro muongorori sezvo Yablochkov Pavel Nikolaevich. Kuti tega izvozvo? Mhinduro yomubvunzo uyu, uyewo dzimwe zvinonakidza chokuita Paul Nikolaevich, uchaona munyaya ino.

Origin, makore dzidzo

Apo Paul Yablochkov (mufananidzo pamusoro vanomuratidza) akaberekwa muna Volga mudunhu yakanga korera. Vabereki vake ndifare gungwa guru, saka havana kutendera mwana kukereke kuti rubhabhatidzo. Pasina dzekare vakaedza kuwana Yablochkov zita muchechi zvinyorwa. Vabereki vake vakanga maduku vanatenzi, uye Pauro pauduku Yablochkov akapfuura chinyararire, mune Manor hombe imba ine hafu-chiro dzimba, mezzanine uye yemichero.

Apo Pauro nemakore 11, akapinda kudzidza muna Saratov jimunasiyamu. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti 4 makore asati Nikolai Chernyshevsky, mudzidzisi freethinker, akasiya sangano iri kuSt Petersburg kadheti Corps. Paul Yablochkov adzidza kuchikoro kwenguva refu. Kwapera nguva, mhuri yake varombo kwazvo. Kubva izvi raiva rimwe - rechiuto basa, iyo kare kupa tsika mhuri. Uye Pauro akapinda Yablochkov Pavlovsky youshe St. Petersburg, iro rainzi Mikhailovsky Castle nokuda vagari vayo.

Yablochkov - uto injiniya

Sevastopol danidziro panguva ino yave iri ichangopfuura kare (asingasviki kunyange gumi). It akaratidza mukwasvi hwokurwa, uyewo mukuru art mumhuri nhare. Military Engineering mumakore iwayo akanga shoma. General EI Totleben, uyo akava nomukurumbira munguva Crimean War, pachake pautsva Engineering School, iyo zvino kudzidzwa Pavel Yablochkov.

Biography ake Kunoonekwa makore aya kurarama muenzi mumba César Cui, injiniya mukuru, uyo akadzidzisa pachikoro ichi. Yaiva tarenda, uye kunyange zvakawanda pakuridza munyori uye mumhanzi mutsoropodzi. Nziyo dzake uye dhanzi kurarama nhasi. Zvichida izvi ndizvo makore akapedzerwa mubasa guru, yaiva zvikuru kuti Pavel Nikolayevich. It haina customized, harisati kutongovapo vanoitisana uye zvikwereti. Kunzwisisa Great haasati asvika kwaari, zvisinei, uye mwoyo, vakazadza vakabva hwake, asi haana.

Wokutanga chipingamupinyi Yablochkov apo pashure chikoro akanga akakwiridzirwa kusvika yechipiri refutenendi nokutumira basa iri wechishanu Sapper chemazana chehondo zvinoreva Kiev nhare ravarwi. Chokwadi rechiuto, uyo akasangana Pavel, aiva muduku zvakafanana rokusika, zvinofadza upenyu injiniya uyo akarota naye muSt Petersburg. Uto Yablochkov haana kushanda: papera gore, vakasiya basa "nemhaka chirwere".

The kuziva yokutanga magetsi

Shure iyi kupfuura zvingazununguka yakatanga muna Pavel Nikolayevich upenyu. Zvisinei, ataura chimwe chiitiko kuti akava zvikuru kukosha mugumo wake. A gore mushure yokurega pakarepo hazviwaniki Army Pavel Nikolaevich Yablochkov zvakare. Biography Zvino wakaenda yakasiyana zvachose nzira ...

The ramangwana muvambi vakadzidziswa panguva Technical galvanic tsika. Pano ruzivo rwake mumunda "galvanism uye remagineti" (shoko "magetsi" Sezvatakamboreva, haana asi kuvapo) kuwedzera uye kudzamisa. Vazhinji mainjiniya akakurumbira uye vechiduku masayendisiti ari muduku, akaita gamba redu, yodzoka kuburikidza upenyu primerivayas, Kutsvakisisa, kutsvaka chinhu, kusvikira zvose pakarepo havana kuwana chii iwe vakataririra. Zvadaro hapana muedzo aisagona kutungamirira mukurasika. Saizvozvowo, Pavel-makore 22 akawanikwa kudanwa kwake - magetsi. Akatsaurira upenyu hwake kuna Yablochkov wake Pavel Nikolaevich. Zvigadzirwa zvakaitwa naye, zvose zvakabatana pamwe magetsi.

Jobs muMoscow, kusangana nevanhu vatsva

Pavel pakupedzisira anosiya hondo. Akaenda kuna Moscow uye nokukurumidza ndokunanga utariri teregirafu basa Railway (Moscow-Kursk). Pano pane ayo dziripo murabhoritari, unogona kare tarisa vamwe, kunyange zvazvo vachiri anonyara pfungwa. Pavel ane simba uye musayenzi vanhu kubatanidza masayendisiti. MuMoscow, anodzidza pamusoro Polytechnique inoratidzirwa richangomuka. Rine achangobuda nebudiriro mumhuri midziyo yemagetsi. In Yablochkov kuoneka shamwari, shamwari, uyo, kufanana pachake, vaneshungu yemagetsi Masasaradzi - tuduku mheni nevanhu! Nemumwe wavo, Glukhov Didenko, Pavel anosarudza kuvhura "bhizimisi" ake. Tiri kutaura zvakasikwa magetsi musangano.

Kutamira Paris, mumwe bvumidzwa pamusoro kenduru

Zvisinei, "kukonzera" pamusoro dzinokaroparuka yavo. Izvi imhaka yokuti vanotanga matsi uye Yablochkov havana vanamuzvinabhizimisi. Kuti tidzivise mutorongo chikwereti, Pavel Nikolayevich kukurumidza kuenda kunze. Muchirimo 1876, muParis, akapiwa bvumidzwa kuti "yemagetsi kenduru" Yablochkov Pavel Nikolaevich. Kugadzirwa izvi vaisazova kana kwete yapfuura nokubudirira mune zvesayenzi. Naizvozvo, tiudze zvishoma pamusoro pavo.

History mwenje Yablochkov

Tinoita chiduku nhoroondo digression yakatsaurirwa Fixtures kutsanangura anokosha kuvamba Yablochkov, pasina kuwana panguva imwe iri rwokugadzira musango. The rambi rokutanga anotsva sechitsa. Yave ichizivikanwa kuti vanhu kubva prehistoric nguva. Zvadaro (kuna Yablochkov) vakanga yagadzirwa tochi rokutanga, ipapo munhu mwenje mafuta, etc. - kenduru pashure pechinguva - reparafini rambi, uye pakupedzisira, gasi Lantern. mwenje zvose izvi, vose kusiyana kwavo, vakabatanidzwa imwe nevakawanda musimboti: mukati kwavari chinhu unopfuta kana pamwe oxygen.

Kugadzirwa arcing

VV Petrov, mumwe Russian musayendisiti matarenda avo muna 1802 akarondedzera ruzivo mukushandisa galvanic zvinhu. muvambi ichi akagashira wemagetsi chinhu chakakombama, akasika chakagadzirwa chiedza yemagetsi yokutanga yenyika. Mheni wechisikigo chiedza. Nezvazvo yagara ichizivikanwa kuti vanhu, vamwe ndechokuti vanhu havanzwisisi hunhu waro.

Mwero Petrov haazorambi akatuma basa akanyorwa Russian. On harina kuzivikanwa muna Europe, saka refu rukudzo nokuvhura chinhu chakakombama zvakabatanidzwa kemisiti Davy, akakurumbira Chirungu kemisiti. Chokwadi, aiziva hapana pamusoro kusvika Petrova. Akadzokorora zvakaitika pashure pemakore 12 uye zita rokukudza Volta chinhu chakakombama, yakakurumbira yefizikisi kubva kuItaly. Zvinofadza kuti A. chaizvo Volta yazvinofanira zvachose kuita.

Arc mwenje nekuipira chokuita navo

Panovhurwa musayendisiti wokuRussia uye Chirungu zvakasimbisa kuti kwaita chinhu chakakombama vangasimudzira itsva mwenje, yemagetsi. Ivo vakaswedera electrodes maviri, chinhu chakakombama yakapenya uye akabva azviratidza chiedza chinopenya. Zvisinei, zvakaipira ndechokuti kabhoni electrodes vakapiswa papera nguva, kuwedzera kure therebetween. Pakupedzisira, kuti chinhu chakakombama akafa akabuda. Zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti kuramba kuunza pamwe chete electrodes. Saka pakanga differential siyana, nguva, ruoko nezvimwe kugadziridzwa zvenhengo izvo, akavapindurawo, zvinoda pedyo achitarisirwa. Zviri pachena kuti mumwe mwenje iyi mhando aiva rinoshamisa chaiyo.

The incandescent mwenje wokutanga uye ayo nekuipira

French musayendisiti Zhobar aronga kushandiswa okuvimba incandescent dzemagetsi waya, kwete chinhu chakakombama. Shanzhi, compatriot ake, akaedza kusika mwenje. AN Lodygin, Russian muvambi vakauya nayo "kuti pfungwa." Akasika wokutanga incandescent chiedza girobhu racho, wakafanira tsika. Asi chemubhotoro Musimboti mukati zvakanga zvisina kusimba kwazvo uye akatunhidzwa. Uyezve, vari girazi chinu paiva kukwana Vacuum, zvisinei rakakurumidza kupisa netsvimbo. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, nepakati 1870s ari rambi nakalyvaniya akasarudza kuisa pamuchinjikwa. The vavambi kunge zvakare vadzokera chinhu chakakombama. Panguva iyoyo Pauro akazviratidza bullseye.

yemagetsi kenduru

Zvinosuruvarisa, isu hatizivi sei tega kenduru. Zvimwe murangariro yakati apo Pavel atambura regulators akavaita chinhu chakakombama rambi. Kokutanga munhoroondo munjanji rakachengetedzwa yakaiswa muchitima (chaiyo chitima, yakavatevera muCrimea pamwe chevaux Alexander II). Zvichida chinhu chakakombama catcher, pakarepo yakavapo Studio yake, iye akanyura mugomba mweya. Pane ngano kuti ari Paris Datenroku Yablochkov netsaona akaisa zviviri nepenzura parutivi patafura. Zvino ndaziva: Handina chinhu vashandire pamwe! Regai electrodes vari rakatevera, pashure fiyuzi insulator, kutsva muna chinhu chakakombama chinosimbiswa pakati pavo. Nokudaro, electrodes kuchapisa uye wakaatapudza panguva imwe chete! Sezvo vanoti, zvose chinopenya - chete.

Kufanana kenduru Yablochkov akakunda nyika

Yablochkov Mwenje uri mudziyo chaizvoizvo aiva nyore. Uye ichi raiva nani zvikuru. Vatengesi havanzwisisi mabikirwo zvaivapo zvarinoreva. Ndokusaka mwenje Yablochkov pamwe kumboitika nokukurumidza Akakunda nyika. Kuratidzwa Its chokutanga chakaitirwa muchirimo 1876 muLondon. Pavel, uyo achangobva apukunyuka chikwereti, akadzokera Paris atopiwa anozivikanwa kuti vanotanga. Campaign Operation patents dzarwo ipapo pakarepo.

fekitari chaiyo rakaumbwa, izvo yakabereka 8 zviuru. makenduru zuva nezuva. Ivo vakava womumhuri Paris kuti kuzvitoro akakurumbira uye hotels, imwe indoor tireki uye dhanzi, chengarava pana Le Havre. Garland zviedza akazviratidza musi Opera mumugwagwa - isina kumboitika yemitambo, chaiyo rungano. On miromo vose yakanga "nyika Russian". Ivo yafambira imwe tsamba P. I. Chaykovsky. Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev akanyorawo kubva Paris kuti mukoma wake kuti Paul Yablochkov tega chinhu zvachose vatsva okuvimba. Pavel muchizvikudza nezvemukadzi gare gare kuti magetsi rakapararira munyika yose nokuda guru French uye vasvike kudare Mambo kuCambodia uye kuti Shah wePersia, uye kwete vakutarisire - kubva America kuParis, sezvo aizviti.

"Kutsakatika" makenduru

Amazing zvinhu chakaratidza nhoroondo nesayenzi! The yose zvemagetsi chiedza chenyika, inotungamirwa P. N. Yablochkovym makore anenge mashanu achipembererwa akatamira Chokwadi, iri maturo, gwara zvakaipa. Very refu makenduru kupemberera, uyewo mari rusununguko Yablochkov. chete Candle kwete "vachatorerwa", asi aisakwanisa vamire kukwikwidzana incandescent marambi. Vakabatsira ichi chikuru kuzvuzvungudza kuti aiva. rutapudzo iyi luminous pfungwa iri combustion kwacho, uye fragility.

Chokwadi, basa Swann, Lodygina, Bamba, Edison nevamwe vavambi Nernst incandescent rambi, akavapindurawo, haana pakarepo ibvume vanhu kunobatsirei. Auer muna 1891, akaisa chivharo ake pamusoro gasi burner. chivharo ichi anowedzera nokupenya yokupedzisira. Kunyange ipapo, pave paine zviitiko apo zviremera vakasarudza kutsiva gasi iiswe dzemagetsi. Zvisinei, munguva upenyu Pavel Nikolayevich zvaiva pachena kuti kenduru tega navo tariro. Ndechipi chikonzero kuti zita Musiki "nyika yeRussia" kune chipo pamasikati akanyorwa munhoroondo nesayenzi, uye anopfuura remakore akapoteredzwa ruremekedzo uye rukudzo?

Zvichireva kuvamba Yablochkov

Yablochkov Pavel Nikolaevich kutanga kubvumirwa mupfungwa magetsi. Mwenje, izvo chete zuro zvakanga zvisingawanzoitiki, nhasi akaenda munhu kurega kuva rudzi mhiri kwemakungwa chishamiso, kuti vanhu zvavo neramangwana rinofadza vabvume. Stormy uye hupfupi nhoroondo kuvamba ichi vakabatsira kuti chigadzikiso rokupfanya matambudziko akawanda zvaisangana mabikirwo nguva.

The mberi Biography pamusoro Pavel Nikolayevich Yablochkov

Pavel akararama upenyu hupfupi, wakange asina kufara chaizvo. Pashure Paul Yablochkov tega mwenje wake, akashanda zvakaoma munyika yedu, uye kunze. Zvisinei, hapana nekutambira pamabasa ake asina kukanganiswa saka zvikuru kufambira mberi zvigadzirwa, Mwenje wake. mabasa akawanda Pavel akafuka pakusikwa wokutanga zvemagetsi nerogi munyika yedu inonzi "Electricity". Akatanga kubuda ane 1880 Uyezve, March 21, 1879 Pavel verenga mushumo yemagetsi chiedza muna Russian Technical Society. Akanga paakavapa ari menduru of Society kuti pamabasa ake. Zvisinei, zviratidzo izvi zvaiva zvishoma kuna Pavel Nikolayevich Yablochkov vakapiwa zvakanaka nokushanda ezvinhu. The muvambi akaziva kuti mune shure Russia kuma1880 mukamuri duku yechiitwa unyanzvi pfungwa dzaro. Mumwe wavo aiva kugadzirwa motokari yemagetsi, ayo akavaka Yablochkov Pavel Nikolaevich. Brief Biography kwaari akaona zvakare Kutama kuParis. Paakadzoka ikoko muna 1880, iye akatengesa bvumidzwa kuti chidhayinamo, uye akatanga kugadzirira, vachengeterwe nguva yokutanga kuitawo World electrotechnical kuratidza. Huro yaro yakanga yakarongwa 1881. Kwekutanga gore rino, akazvipira zvakakwana akagadzira Yablochkov Pavel Nikolaevich.

Brief Biography pamusoro musayendisiti anoenda kuti Yablochkov yakaitika panguva pashoo muna 1881, akagamuchira soro mubayiro. Vakafanirwa pamutemo uye kubva makwikwi. simba rake rakanga yakakwirira, uye Yablochkov Pavel Nikolaevich akava nhengo dzakawanda vatongi, ane basa raiva kudzokorora Exhibits uye kusarudza mubayiro wacho mibayiro. Zvinofanira kunzi chaizvo kuratidzwa ichi rava yakunda incandescent mwenje. Kubvira panguva iyoyo, wemagetsi dzomoto iri zvishoma nezvishoma kutanga droop.

Mumakore akatevera Yablochkov akatanga kushanda musi masero electrochemical uye chidhayinamo - remagetsi. Nzira iyo Pavel aiva nemabasa, ndiyo echimurenga munguva yedu. Kubudirira zvinogona Herald imwe nguva itsva magetsi mapurani. Yablochkov kuzomboendazve chiedza kunobva. Mumakore akatevera, akanga tega motokari dzakawanda yemagetsi uye akagamuchira patents pamusoro pavo.

Okupedzisira makore upenyu muvambi

Munguva kubva 1881 kusvika 1893 Yablochkov kuitwa kuedza kwake yakaoma zvinhu ezvinhu, chinopfuurira basa. Akararama muParis, ape zvachose matambudziko nesayenzi. Scientist vachiedza nounyanzvi, kushandisa yakawanda pfungwa yepakutanga mubasa ravo, achienda isingatarisirwi uye ushingi nzira. Zvechokwadi, akanga mberi mamiriro unyanzvi, sayenzi uye maindasitiri panguva. The kuputika, kwakaitika panguva kuedza zviri murabhoritari yake, akapotsa arasikirwe noupenyu Pavel Nikolayevich. Permanent vanotaura mari chinzvimbo, uyewo mwoyo chirwere, izvo zvose mberi - izvi zvose vasanyanya hondo muvambi. Mushure-gore gumi asipo, akasarudza kudzokera kunyika yokumusha kwavo.

Pavel akaenda Russia muna July 1893, asi akarwara chaizvo pakarepo pashure ake asvika. Akawana panzvimbo yake kuchamuka mumwe purazi achimhanya aigona kuti kutarisira kuvandudza mamiriro avo emari. Pamwe chete nomukadzi wake uye mwanakomana Pavel akagara Saratov muhotera. Akaramba kuedza ake kunyange apo vanorwara uye chokubata.

Yablochkov Pavel Nikolaevich, kuvhurika uko zvakasimba akanyorwa munhoroondo nesayenzi, akafa chemwoyo aine makore 47 (muna 1894), muguta Saratov. pfungwa dzake uye mabasa Motherland edu vanozvikudza.