Marongerwo uye basa DNA uye RNA (Table)

Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti kwose panyaya mupenyu, kubva nemavhairasi uye kuzviuraya nemhuka yakakwirira (kusanganisira vanhu) kuva nedzimwe nhaka midziyo. Iye chinomiririrwa mamorekuru pakubhadhara maviri nucleic acids: deoxyribonucleic uye ribonucleic. In izvi Organic zvinhu encoded mashoko wakapfuurira kubva mubereki mwana vanhu kubereka. Pepa ichi, isu kudzidza sei marongerwo uye mashandiro DNA uye RNA muchitokisi, uyewo kufunga zvigadziriswe kuti zvinokonzera kuti dzinotsanagura kupararira enhaka zvivako nyaya mhenyu.

Somugumisiro, mashoko ehupfumi ose nucleic acids, kunyange vane zvimwe zvinhu, zvisinei, akasiyana zvikuru pachavo. Naizvozvo isu enzanisa DNA uye RNA mashandiro kuitwa biopolymers iwayo masero akasiyana mapoka zvipenyu. The tafura anounzwa mupepa kuchakubatsira kunzwisisa chii chinokosha kusiyana pakati pavo.

Nucleic acids - dzakaoma biopolymers

Zvakawanikwa mumunda ezvinhu zvipenyu yakaitika kumavambo ramakumi remakore, zvikurukuru, inopangidza pamusoro maumbirwo deoxyribonucleic acid, kuti riwedzere kuti kukura cytology ano, genetics, hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu uye magene mapurani. Mukuona makemikari kemisitiri DNA uye RNA marefu samolecular fuma zvinosanganisira yokudzokorora. dzakabatana - monomers, anonziwo nucleotides. Zvinozivikanwa kuti vari interconnected yokuumba dunhu inogona spatial kuzvidzora sangano.

Kwakadaro macromolecules DNA zvinowanzobatanidzwa dzakananga mapuroteni rine zvakananga zvivako uye inonzi histones. Nucleoprotein zvivako vanoumba anokosha zvivako - nucleosomes, izvo zvaizoitawo tiri chikamu chromosome. Nucleic acids kungava zvose mwoyo uye cytoplasm masero, kungovapo ari Zvinoumba vamwe organelles ayo, zvakadai mitochondria kana chloroplasts.

The spatial nemamiriro fuma nhodzera

Kuti tinzwisise mashandiro DNA uye RNA, zvinokosha kunzwisisa muudzame peculiarities mamiriro avo. Sezvazviri mapuroteni, nucleic acids dzinoratidzwa akawanda kwevari sangano macromolecules. The chikuru Murongerwo anomiririrwa polynucleotide ngetani, yechipiri uye tertiary configuration samouslozhnyayutsya yomuka kuburikidza covalent kubatanidza mhando. A rinokosha Pakuchengeta spatial Maumbirwe mamorekuru ndohwavo rehydrogen zvisungo, Van der Waals mauto uye mukukurukurirana. Zvinoguma chitsidzo maumbirwo DNA, inonzi superspiral.

Monomers nucleic asidhi

Marongerwo uye basa DNA, RNA, mapuroteni, uye mamwe makemikari Polymers kuvimba zvose pamusoro Qualitative uye quantitative Zvinoumba macromolecules dzavo. Vose Mhando nucleic acids dzine STRUCTURAL zvinhu anonzi nucleotides. Apo tinoziva kubva kosi wekemisitiri mamiriro kwenyaya hazvo kukanganisa kwaro ushande. DNA uye RNA vari kuvapowo. Zvakaratidza kuti pamusoro nucleotide nziyo kunoenderana chimiro asidhi pacharo wayo basa muchitokisi. Mumwe monomer ine zvikamu zvitatu: nitrogenous nechigadziko, carbohydrate uye vakasara orthophosphoric acid. Kune mhando ina nitrogenous zvigadziko DNA: adenine, guanine, thymine uye cytosine. In RNA mamorekuru, ivo, ukuwo, adenine, guanine, cytosine uye uracil. Carbohydrate anomiririrwa dzakasiyana-siyana pentose. The ribonucleic asidhi iri ribose uye DNA - ayo deoxygenated chimiro, inonzi deoxyribose.

Zvinoumba deoxyribonucleic asidhi

isu First kutarisa marongerwo uye mashandiro DNA. RNA kuva nyore spatial configuration, richaongororwa chinotevera. Saka, zviviri polynucleotide tambo inoitwa pakati kakawanda nekorasi rehydrogen zvisungo akaumba pakati senitrogen zvigadziko. In vaviri "adenine - thymine" pane vaviri, uye mune peya "guanine - cytosine" - vatatu rehydrogen zvisungo.

Kuchinja mutsetse purine uye pyrimidine nezvigadziko yakawanikwa pedyo E. Chargaff uye pakuzivikanwa se nheyo complementarity. The chete cheni nucleotides zvakabatana phosphodiester zvisungo kuti akaumba pakati pentose vakasara orthophosphoric asidhi uye pedyo nucleotides. The zononoka chimiro necheni mbiri ari nekugadzirwa rehydrogen zvisungo kuti kuitika pakati hydrogen uye neoxygen maatomu kuti chikamu nucleotides. Yepamusorosoro - tertiary marongerwo (supercoil) - maitiro kuti DNA renyukireya masero eukaryotic. In fomu ichi chiri chipo ari chromatin. Zvisinei, mabhakitiriya uye DNA ine nemavhairasi vane deoxyribonucleic asidhi haina chokuita mapurotini. It inomiririrwa fomu serin'i uye anonzi plasmid.

Rine yakafanana muDNA mitochondria uye chloroplasts - organelles, chirimwa uye masero mhuka. Zvino tinozoona, chii musiyano Zvaiitwa DNA uye RNA. The tafura pazasi isu, vanoratidza kusiyana marongerwo uye zvivako zviri nucleic acids.

ribonucleic asidhi

The RNA Morekuru ine rimwe polynucleotide beach (kunze kaviri nezano sechivako zvimwe nemavhairasi) kuti anogona kuva zvose mwoyo uye cytoplasm muchitokisi. Kune mhando dzakawanda RNA kuti siyana pakati chivakwa uye zvivako. Saka, mutumwa RNA ane chikuru samolecular uremu. Zvinonzi synthesized muchitokisi musimboti muna rimwe majini. MRNA basa - uchatamisa ruzivo pamusoro Zvinoumba puroteni kubva musimboti kusvika cytoplasm. Transport chimiro nucleic asidhi kwakunoitwa monomers mapuroteni - amino acids - uye anovarwira kuti nzvimbo biosynthesis.

Pakupedzisira, ribosomal RNA achiumbwa munyika nucleolus uye zvinobatanidzwa mapuroteni usage. Sezvaunogona kuona, DNA uye RNA Unoshanda cellular muviri zviri siyana uye kukosha kwazvo. Ivo kuchaenderana achinyanya masero zvipenyu izvo zvinhu morekuru yedzinza. Saka, utachiona ribonucleic asidhi angava mutakuri nemagene mashoko, nepo mune masero eukaryotic zvipenyu kugona uyu chete deoxyribonucleic acid.

Basa DNA uye RNA mumuviri

In kwayo ukoshi nucleic acid, pamwe mapuroteni kuti zvinokosha Organic yeimwe. Vanochengetedza nekufambisa nenhaka unhu uye unhu kubva mubereki mwana vanhu. Ngativerengei tsanangura kusiyana mumwe mashandiro anoita DNA uye RNA. Tafura pazasi inoratidza kusiyana zvizere.

Ndezvipi zvainyanya kuitwa nemavhairasi fuma yedzinza?

Virus nucleic asidhi anogona kutora chimiro zvose single- uye kaviri-beach spirals kana marin'i. Maererano D.Baltimora kupatsanura, izvi zvinhu Microcosm ane DNA molecules rinoumbwa nematunhu chete kana maviri. Boka rokutanga rinosanganisira utachiona kuti herpes uye adenoviruses, uye wechipiri unosanganisira Somuenzaniso, parvovirus.

Mashandiro anoita DNA uye RNA nemavhairasi ine zviri kupinda mashoko pachake nemagene muchitokisi, kuberekana siyana mamorekuru vakatakura nemavhairasi nucleic acid, uye ungano mapuroteni inoramba iri ribosomes zviri musero. Somugumisiro, yose sero muviri iri akaisa chose kuti tupukanana kuti muwande nokukurumidza, zvichiita kuti Cell rufu.

RNA tubhokisi nemavhairasi

In virology akaita kuparadzana zvipenyu izvi mumapoka akawanda. Saka, kutanga mhando dzinonzi chete-nezano (+) RNA. Ivo nucleic asidhi anoita zvakafanana mashandiro sezvo mutumwa RNA masero eukaryotic. Mune rimwe boka rinosanganisira chete-nezano (-) RNA. Chokutanga, mamorekuru dzavo transcription kunoitika, zvichiita kuti chimiro mamorekuru (+) RNA, uye avo uyewo, vashumire template nokuda nemavhairasi mapurotini.

Pachishandiswa zvataurwa, nokuti zvinenge zvose, kusanganisira nemavhairasi, DNA uye RNA mashandiro muchidimbu inozivikanwa se: okuchengetera nhaka unhu uye zvivako chine Muviri mberi hutachiwana yevana vavo.