Mendeleev kwakaita Periodic table uye mutemo nenguva dzirikure

Muzana namapfumbamwe remakore ane yekuvandudzwa simba ndavhiyiwa nzvimbo dzakawanda, kusanganisira kemisitiri. Periodic hurongwa Mendeleev, akagadzira muna 1869, kwakaita kuti vakawanda kunzwisisa ukama pakati nezvenzvimbo nyore zvinhu zviri periodic table, kusimbisa ukama pakati hama mabhomba guru uye Valence eremendi pfuma.

Domendeleevsky kemesitiri pakati

A shoma apfuura, mukuvamba namapfumbamwe remakore, vakawanda kuedza systematization kwemakemikari zvinhu. The kemisiti German Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner akapedza yokutanga basa rakakura riri systematization mumunda wekemisitiri. Akazvipira kuti vanoverengeka zvakafanana zvinhu ehupfumi zvinogona dzikarongwa - vanamwari vatatu vatatu.

Inaccuracy pakati inofananidza musayendisiti German

Musimboti mutemo anomirirwa Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner vatatu vatatu kwatemwa kuti mabhomba uremu ane fuma iri pedyo hafu Verengai (kureva kukosha) the Atomic negurumwandira maviri okupedzisira zvinhu vatatu vatatu tafura. Zvisinei, kusavapo magnesium mune rimwe subgroup calcium, strontium uye barium akanga asina kururama.

Izvi zvakanga mhedzisiro hazvizivi constraints akafanana zvinhu chete triodities. Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner aigona kuona kufanana kwemakemikari parameters pamusoro phosphorus uye Arsenic, bismuth uye namavara akanaka. Zvisinei, iye ndinonetsekana amene wokuwanazve vatatu vatatu. Somugumisiro, akanga asingakwanisi kusvika kwakarurama kupatsanura pakati zvine maatomu akafanana.

Under huripo Elements, pana Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner vanamwari vatatu vatatu, Chokwadi, zvakanga zvisingaiti, mutemo anonyatsoratidza pamberi ukama pakati pehama mabhomba guru uye kwemakemikari zvivako zviri nyore zvinhu.

Process systematization zvine maatomu akafanana

tevera Kuedza All kuti systematize akavimba pakugoverwa zvinhu maererano mabhomba guru. Gare gare Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner pfungwa rave kushandiswa nevamwe mishonga. Ivepo nokuumba vatatu vatatu, tetrads uye pentads (tichibatanidza mumapoka matatu, zvina uye shanu zvinhu).

In yechipiri yezana rechigumi nemapfumbamwe remakore paiva mabasa akawanda panguva imwe chete, kwakavakirwa iyo Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev kemisitiri kwakatungamirira wakakwana systematization kwemakemikari zvinhu. mamiriro Akasiyana periodic table zvakaita kuti echimurenga kunzwisisa uye uchapupu nyore zvinhu kugovera mashandiro.

Mendeleev kwakaita Periodic table

Pamusangano Russian Chemical Society muchirimo 1869 zvakanzi verenga chiziviso munyika musayendisiti Russian D. I. Mendeleeva pamusoro Kuwanikwa ake periodic mutemo zvine maatomu akafanana. Pakupera chete gore, wokutanga basa "kunyatsogona Chemistry", tanga Periodic nyika nezvinhu zvaisanganisira mairi dzakabudiswa.

Muna November 1870, akaratidza vashandi Uyezve, "njodzi dzinongoitika mamiriro okunze uye kurishandisa nenzira nounhu vanzika zvinhu." In basa iri D. I. Mendeleev kutanga kushandiswa shoko rokuti "mutemo nguva nenguva". Periodic hurongwa zvinhu zvakavakirwa periodic mutemo inorondedzera zvaibvira nokuvapo nyore zvinhu kwete kuvhura uye rinoratidza zvakajeka zvivako zvavo.

Corrections uye zvijeke

Somugumisiro, kubudikidza 1971 periodic mutemo uye periodic mamiriro zvinhu Mendeleyev vave chakagadziridzwa uye vaisanganisa ne Russian kemisiti.

Nyaya yokupedzisira "nguva nenguva mutemo kwemakemikari zvinhu" musayendisiti yakatarwa tsanangudzo periodic mutemo, rinotaura kuti hunhu nyore miviri, Zvivako zviri yeimwe, uye vanoumba miviri yakaoma zvakananga nedoro takatsunga maererano mabhomba uremu.

Zvishoma Papera, muna 1872, nemamiriro periodic table kwave kurongwazve kuva dzekare chimiro (pfupi-nguva kwadzinoita nokuparadzirwa).

Kusiyana ayo vamutangira, kuRussia kemisiti zvakazara Akaitawo tafura, akasuma pfungwa nenguva yaakaronga kuti apote the Atomic Zviidzo zvine maatomu akafanana.

Maitiro zvinhu periodic table uye hwokurara mitemo vakabvumira masayendisiti kutsanangura ehupfumi kuti zvinhu asi kuti pachena. Mendeleev akavimba ndechokuti ehupfumi neimwe pfuma kunogona tsunga maererano zvechadenga maviri pedyo okunze. Akaritumidza pokutonga "nyeredzi". Chaizvoizvo Its ndechokuti zvine maatomu akafanana zviri patafura yokuziva ehupfumi ari yasarudzwa chinhu zvakafanira kuti titungamirirwe yakatambarara uye vertically mune tafura zvine maatomu akafanana.

Mendeleev kuti nguva nenguva hurongwa anokwanisa kufanotaura ...

Zviri okunze Mendeleev, pasinei kururama kwaro uye kutendeseka, haina kuzivikanwa masayendisiti zvakazara. Vamwe masayendisiti huru nyika vakakurumbira akasekwa pachena mukana kufanotaura ehupfumi ose vanzika zvinhu. Yakanga chete muna 1885, pashure yawanikwa afanotaura zvinhu - eka-aruminiyamu, uye ekabora ekasilitsiya (gallium, scandium negermanium), mutsva kupatsanura hurongwa mutemo Mendeleev kuti nguva nenguva uye zvave kuzivikanwa sezvo nheyo kemisitiri yokungotaura.

Mukutanga ramakumi remakore, nemamiriro periodic table kakawanda kugadziriswa. Mukuita yokuwana itsva yesayenzi mashoko D. I. Mendeleev uye bhururu wake William Ramsay akasvika pamhedziso nezvokukosha pave razero boka. In kwayo sezvamunoita zvinosanganisira kushoma magasi (nehelium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon uye radon).

Muna namapfumbamwe zana uye nerimwe Soddy akaita panyaya nenzvimbo indistinguishable zvine maatomu akafanana - isotopes - mune rimwe tafura sero.

Nokufamba kwenguva uye okunyatsoshanda periodic patafura zvine maatomu akafanana periodic hurongwa yakanga kunyorwa kwenyaya, uye awana ano Kutarira. mamiriro ayo zvinosanganisira mapoka masere nemanomwe nguva. Groups - vari kutwasuka mbiru yakareba - chinjikira. Mapoka rinotsanangurwa nekupesana mukati subgroups.

Nezvenzvimbo patafura chinhu rinoratidza dzayo Valence maerekitironi uye evasingatombonamati nemakemikari zvinhu. Somugumisiro, panguva kukura periodic table zvakanzi dzakaonekwa zvinongoitikawo nhamba pezvokuvamba Erekitironi pamwe Serial nhamba yacho. kunzwisisa nheyo nekuita nyore zvinhu uye paumbwe zvakaoma Izvi zvakare nyore. A muitiro sezvo zvisizvo divi. Pakuverenga uwandu iyi, uyewo zvakakodzera makemikari maitiro akanga hunonzi kuwanika.

Basa Mendeleev kwakaita Kuwanikwa sayenzi yemazuva ano

Mendeleev maitiro wayo kusvika kuna vagoverwa kwemakemikari zvinhu akatsunga kuchenjera kukura kemisitiri. Nokunzwisisa zvakakodzera ukama constants uye kuongorora makemikari Mendeleev aigona nemazvo kuungana uye zvinhu dzikarongwa maererano ehupfumi dzavo. New table zvinoita kuti zvakajeka uye kunyatsotaura ngaaverenge mashoko asati makemikari maitiro, vachifanotaura zvitsva zvine maatomu akafanana uye dzavo zvivako.

Panovhurwa musayendisiti Russian akava zvakananga kwakabatsira mberi nzira kukura zvesainzi. Hapana nzvimbo rwokugadzirwa kuti aizorega zvinobatanidzwa ruzivo wekemisitiri. Zvichida kana vakadaro zvakawanikwa haana kuitika, budiriro dzedu yaizodai yakasiyana nzira okukura.