Industry kwose Europe uye mamiriro ayo

For Europe zvinosanganisira dzimwe nyika kunze Kishi. Ndima yavo kunopfuura miriyoni 5 mativi makiromita uye musha vanhu vanenge mazana mashanu mamiriyoni. Achitaura vatorwa Europe, isu kureva anenge makumi mana Changamire inoti, akarondedzera kwete chete kune nhoroondo zvaitika, asi zvikuru pedyo zvoupfumi, zvematongerwo enyika uye zvetsika shinda.

International Europe ndiyo imwe huru nzvimbo yebudiriro kwevanhu. Ndiyo nzvimbo yechizvarirwo mumaguta makuru agglomerates, huru nenzvimbo matongo, uyewo mukuru kwemaindasitiri. Uye pasinei nokuti nguva "Eurocentrism" kare, vatorwa Europe anotora chinokosha nzvimbo kwete chete munyika zvematongerwo enyika, asi upfumi hwayo.

upfumi

Kudzidza kwose Europe indasitiri (11 kirasi - nguva apo nyaya chinotaura pamusoro chikoro), tinofunga kuti ive yose. Panguva iyoyowo, maererano nyanzvi, nyika riri munharaunda yayo, pokutanga kutanga munyika muzvinhu okurima uye mumaindasitiri kugadzirwa. Regai kurasikirwa nharaunda tiite chinzvimbo aina basa uye nenhumbi pamusoro mumatanda Exchange uye goridhe, uyewo kugadzirwa kwepurogiramu dzakawanda ushanyi ukama.

Simba wokumwe Europe zvoupfumi iri munyika ina "Big Zvinomwe". In kwavo ndandanda France uye Germany, Italy uye England. Zviri inoti izvi vane widest siyana siyana maindasitiri uye sectors. Zvisinei, ari kuwirirana mauto pakati penyika mana tiite kaviri zvimwe kuchinja. Saka, mumakore emakore basa mutungamiri Germany dzakakundwa. Izvi hazvishamisi. Pashure pezvose youpfumi munyika iri kukura chaizvo dynamically. Panguva iyoyowo wayo mukurumbira "workshop wenyika" hachisisina United Kingdom.

Dzimwe nyika kune dzimwe nyika Europe, ane upfumi ane mukuru upfumi kukosha, ndiye Switzerland uye Spain, Belgium, Netherlands uye Sweden. Munyika idzi, chete maindasitiri mashoma dzinokudziridzwa, vane Kuzivikanwa dzakawanda.

A nzvimbo inokosha munzvimbo inogarwa nyika muEastern Europe. Mavari, sezvo mukupera eighties, zviri kushingaira Kuchinja kwakaitika kubva nechepakati kuronga uye voruzhinji zvarinoroora pamusoro njanji ose pamusika ukama.

indasitiri budiriro

Hwaro upfumi mu Europe ndiyo imwe indasitiri. It anobatsira aitungamirira basa, pasinei nokuti munyika dzakawanda weshumba mugove upfumi chokurima bhizimisi uye mabasa. Industry kwose Europe kwemazana emakore akawanda, ndiko worudzii munhu.

Features

Human kubudirira uye enhoroondo ezvinhu kana zvimwe tinoshandurirwa musika nyika zvachose. It rachinjwa uye muenzaniso bhizimisi mhiri kwemakungwa muna Europe. Saka, kana pamberi 2nd World War, nharaunda yaiva nemukurumbira dzinodhura nemamwe zvigadzirwa pashure kugumiswa uto kushanda kwake zvebhizimisi vakanga reoriented zvinodiwa mukanyiwa pamusika.

The chikuru mugove mishonga sayenzi-nyanyisa uye zvikuru kunzwisisa aibva kuUnited States. European indasitiri kunze kwava inozivikanwa michina uye motokari, zvinhu zvemagetsi uye muitiro michina. Munharaunda akatanga kubudisa nhumbi zvavo.

Zvakafanana kuitika haana kuchinja kusvikira pakuguma manonwe. Panguva iyi, dzimwe maindasitiri muEurope chamuita kuti mhando weboka basa pakati munyika yacho. Saka, nyika Mediterranean akaramba kusunungura nhumbi kuti-siyana vatengi. Panguva ino muEngland, France uye Germany vari kushingaira kuva kugadzirwa ndege uye ngarava. Zvose izvi akaderedza pakakoromoka pamwe US mudunhu.

Funga huru mapazi yokumwe maindasitiri muEurope, vane uremu panguva.

ouinjiniya

Kana ukakumbirwa: "kutaridzwa chikuru bazi yokumwe maindasitiri mu Europe," zvinokosha kuti funga kukura, iyo inoshandirwa vanopfuura makumi matatu kubva muzana vanhu mudunhu. Hazvina engineering, ichipa mumwe widest chigadzirwa neeSultan munyika.

Ichi bazi chikuru yokumwe maindasitiri mu Europe rinomiririrwa mune zvinenge zvose munyika yacho. Zvisinei, akapa yezvinoreva chechetere huchangotanga nomumwe munyika yakasiyana. Somuenzaniso, pane imwe boka Vatungamiriri Europe. Munyika idzi, pane anoita kuwanda yose maindasitiri, basa iro kwete chete anogutisa zvipfuwo zvinodiwa nharaunda, asi anobvumira kuti kutumira zvigadzirwa kuti ekisipoti.

Pane vari Europe uye dzimwe nyika imwe chete kana mashoma munzvimbo zvikuru yakatanga engineering kugadzirwa. Panyaya iyi, kudiwa mamwe zvigadzirwa kunozadziswa ne kupinzwa.

Boka Vatungamiri zvikurukuru vanosanganisira Germany uye Britain, uye kuti muduku kumwero, izvi vanosanganisira France uye Italy. Mumwe kana kupfuura nzvimbo okugadzira indasitiri inowanika Netherlands Belgium, Sweden uye Switzerland.

Industry Zvinoitwa yokumwe Europe anogona kukundikana kuchinja uye nyika dzakadai Denmark uye Austria, Finland uye Norway. In inoti izvi, michina simba. Zvisinei, vari mumwe kana miviri maindasitiri, idzo vakawana kuzivikanwa mumusika nyika. Somuenzaniso, Finland ndiyo inozivikanwa kwayo pulp nebepa midziyo, Norway - shipbuilding, etc ...

Vakawanda ouinjiniya indasitiri dzimwe nyika dzokuEurope pave anoda kusvika makumi maviri nezvishanu kubva muzana kugadzirwa munyika chidimbu ichi. Kunyika iri nharaunda kunobva Whitehead Textile, magetsi, kwezvinhu zvokushandisa, kuyera uye midziyo yesayenzi, marori nemotokari, uyewo nematarakita anofamba.

Ndiani unobereka izvozvo?

Chinonyanya dzakabudirira maindasitiri kunze muEurope muna Automotive indasitiri. MuGermany, kushanda zvaimunetsa vakabudirira akadai "Daimler", "Volkswagen", "Mercedes" uye BMW. From France kuuya muchiso motokari "Peugeot-Citroën" uye "Reno." Italy ndiyo inozivikanwa kwayo "Fiat".

MuGermany, Netherlands uye UK munhu zvikuru dzakabudirira shipbuilding. Worldwide anozivikanwa makambani akadai "Bosch" uye "Philips", "Moulinex" uye "Tefal". Chavainyanya kugadzirwa kusunungurwa phones, makombiyuta, uye neveimba midziyo yemagetsi Makavakwa kuGermany, France, uye Netherlands. In Switzerland, akaita yepamusoro anoona kusunungurwa.

Engineering indasitiri mhiri kwemakungwa muna Europe achinyanya kutaura pamusoro iripo dzevanhu mari. Uyezve, kukura chikuru matavi indasitiri chinowedzera zvesayenzi mujinga nharaunda uye yakakwirira pamwero kwayo kwezvivako.

mushonga indasitiri

Ndiwo yechipiri pakukura indasitiri Vanguard mudunhu. Chemical indasitiri mhiri kwemakungwa muna Europe, uyewo zvokuimba engineering, yechipiri yezana remakore rapfuura yakatanga nokukurumidza chaizvo. Uye zvakanga zvakafanana nokuti yose.

Sezvineiwo, makemikari indasitiri Inoziva idzva rine mbishi zvinhu. Iye kushandisa mafuta aro intermediates sezvo huru kunobva Organic makemikari. Izvi zvakava hwaro yakatsvuka zvinhu uye zvibereko indasitiri. Sezvaiitwa munguva pamberi Hondo Yenyika II, iyo indasitiri nezvezvaiitwawo lignite uye marasha, yavaibvisa uye potassium munyu, uyewo pyrites, zvose zvayo kugadzirwa iri munzvimbo okukura kwavo.

Tiine reorientation kuti nemauto uyu kwayo iya kuti zvinyorwa mafuta. Saka, kumadokero chikamu nharaunda vaiva guru petrochemical nzvimbo, yakavakwa muna estuaries of Rhine uye Thames, Elbe uye Seine uye Rhone. Munzvimbo idzi indasitiri anonyatsorayiridzwa pamwe kunatswa.

Reorientation kuti indasitiri zvakakanganisa kumabvazuva kumatunhu Western Europe. Pano, pamusoro mikuru uye gasi mapaipi dzakatangwa petrochemical zvinomera uye painocheneserwa. The chikuru boka kwakadai muPoland, Slovakia, Hungary, uye Czech Republic. Vakanga kuvakwa munzira pamusoro Mapaipi uye international mafuta, mbishi zvinhu kare pumped kubva Soviet Union, uye nhasi - kubva Russia.

Uyezve, asati 2nd World War kuziva padanho kukura makemikari bhizimisi iri nokuyerwa muvhoriyamu kwaisanganisira sulfuric asidhi akasunungura izvozvo. Pari, nhamba iyi zvinoenderana uwandu epurasitiki anobudiswa.

Distribution kwemakemikari miti

Development rechipiri pakukura yokumwe Vanguard maindasitiri mu Europe ndiyo gogonera. Saka, akaita muItaly uye England, Germany uye France zvakazara kugutsa ayo wechipfuwo kudiwa nemakemikari zvigadzirwa, sezvo, mukuwedzera, uye exporters makuru. Panyaya Nordic nyika, iri munharaunda yavo kunokudziridzwa zvakanaka kugadzirwa nomumwe chete, vakadai kugadzirwa senitrogen fetiraiza. Panguva imwe chete vazhinji kwemakemikari zvigadzirwa vaitenga navo kubva kunze.

Mune dzimwe nyika dzokuEurope uye kushandisa chete panzvimbo yakamanikana zvakawanda maindasitiri. Somuenzaniso, muna Switzerland yakatanga Pharmaceuticals, Netherlands uye Belgium - the petrochemical indasitiri. Asi pasinei ichi, nyika idzi dzine pedyo Links pamwe musika nyika kubudikidza kwekurasira kuti 65 muzana yayo kugadzirwa.

Asi vakawanda kunyika vatorwa Europe ndiko kuri mutengesi chakagadzirwa uye chakaita zvokugadzirwa fibers, mapurasitiki, pendi uye varnishes, Pharmaceuticals, madhayi uye senitrogen fetiraiza. Munzvimbo iyi itsva uye hwava zvibereko makemikari indasitiri, yabva kuUnited States.

Kana uchida tsanangudzo imwe maindasitiri kunze muEurope, zvakakodzera ukanyatsoongorora mamiriro makemikari zvoupenyu mudunhu. Mumakumi emakore achangopfuura kwave kune tsika zvinoderedza kupinzwa. Zvisinei, muchiitiko ichi, kwete pasina kutora chikamu chezvinhu American nevhu rakawandisa, izvo nokushingaira kusika mabhizimisi avo pachavo muEurope. basa ravo nechinangwa paakasika chitsva namakemikari zvigadzirwa.

simba

Izvi yokumwe bhora kwoupfumi Europe, uyewo makemikari indasitiri, rinonyatsotarira negasi uye mafuta. Izvi zvinhu anogadzirwa Sea North, uye ari yabva kuRussia uye dzichiri kusimukira. Pari, paiva nomusiyano kuderera mukurima uye kudyiwa marasha muGermany, England, Belgium, Netherlands uye France. Dzidziso dzokubikisa ichi rakachengetedzwa apo wokumabvazuva yacho. Somuenzaniso, muna Poland uye Czech Republic, hombe inorwara yakatsvuka zvinhu nokuda mafuta uye simba zvekutepfenyura ndiyo lignite. Chinotaura yakawanda TPP achishanda pano. Uye marasha inotorwa kwete chete kubva madziva dzavo. imupota kwayo uye tutunura huru zvengarava European.

The jogirafi uye nemamiriro Magetsi munharaunda, vakawanda runotsamira simba renyukireya. Vari kare kushanda muGermany uye Belgium, Czech Republic uye Hungary, Bulgaria uye UK, uyewo France.

The mutero of Rhone uye Danube hydropower miti kubereka magetsi. Zvisinei, kunze Switzerland, Sweden uye Norway Hydroelectric simba sei, kazhinji vanotsigira basa. Recently mutengo PSPs dzakavakwa dzimwe Europe.

metallurgia indasitiri

The indasitiri yave matongosika indasitiri munzvimbo kunyange kusati kwatombova yacho muzvigadzirwa chimurenga. Chokutanga, simbi uye simbi maindasitiri yakatanga muna avo kunyika uko metallurgia mafuta kana mbishi zvinhu. Nyika idzi dzinosanganisira Germany uye France, England uye Spain, Luxembourg uye Spain, Czech Republic uye Poland. Pashure kuguma 2nd World War ari mafekitari kupfuura dzakavakwa kana kuwedzerwa munzvimbo dziri pedyo napedyo kune zviteshi. Izvi zvakaitika nokuti dzidziso pamusoro youhu chinyorwa simbi uye mukuru-mugiredhi yesimbi mhangura.

Pari, kupfuura ano uye pakukura chirimwa, iri pedyo negungwa chiteshi chengarava, yakavakwa muna Italian Taranto. Munguva ichangopfuura, zvisinei, Mini-zvirimwa dzinovakwa kunyanya mudunhu.

Matavi kukosha vanorumwe isiri ferrous simbi mu Europe zvingasanganisira aruminiyamu uye mhangura indasitiri. Kugadzirwa aruminiyamu dziri munyika matura bauxite. Uyu Italy, uye France, Romania, Greece uye Hungary. Kugadzirwa kwakadaro kunewo iri muAustria, Germany, Switzerland uye Norway. Hapana mbishi zvinhu zvaro, asi inobereka yakawanda magetsi.

Copper Kugadzirwa hunovapo muFrance uye Germany, Poland, England uye Belgium.

Forestry uye Light Industry

Ndezvipi zvimwe matavi indasitiri kunge yakatanga zvikuru munzvimbo? Mumwe wavo - sango indasitiri mhiri kwemakungwa muna Europe. Chokutanga, runotungamirirwa yayo manyuko mbishi zvinhu. Ndokusaka indasitiri ari kunyanya yakatanga zvakanaka Finland uye Sweden. Nyika idzi - tsika vatungamiriri vari sawmilling namatanda, pulp nebepa kunze kwenyika.

Special nzeve inofanira kuva chiedza maindasitiri mhiri kwemakungwa muna Europe. Zviri kwemauto ichi uye akatanga yose kwemaindasitiri mudunhu. Panguva ino zuva, chiedza indasitiri wokumwe Europe chakarasikirwa vaimbova nzvimbo yaro.

The inokosha kurema nharaunda dzine Whitehead Textile munzvimbo dzakaita Flanders (Belgium), Yorkshire uye Lancashire (England), Lyon (France) uye Milan (Italy). Zvose nzvimbo kugadzirwa nguo neshangu akaonekwa remakore rechi19, mumazuva ose kwemaindasitiri mangwanani. Vasimba nhasi. Munguva ichangopfuura, zvisinei, zvinowanzoitwa chiedza maindasitiri kutsvetera mu kumaodzanyemba kweEurope. Izvi imhaka kuti iripo reserves vari kokupata basa. Somuenzaniso, imwe huru nguo fekitari munzvimbo vanogona zvino kunzi Portugal. Italy unoberekawo dzinoverengeka shangu, kuti inzwi rayo riri wechipiri chete kuna China.

Vanhu kunyika Europe dzakawanda vachengete tsika dzenyika, izvo kuwana mashoko ari kugadzirwa zviridzwa, fenicha, kwezvishongo uye nyaya zvakagadzirwa nesimbi nemagirazi, matoyi uye zvichingodaro. D.

Somuenzaniso, Belgium anozivikanwa kunovhima nepfuti (Brownings) uye nedhaimani kugadzira. Hapana tsaona nyika muzinda wezvokutengeserana mu mangoda riri mu Antwerp. In Liechtenstein, vakavaka nyika guru zvebhizimisi kubereka chakagadzirwa mazino. zvigadzirwa izvi vanotengeswa munyika dzinopfuura zana.

Light, dondo maindasitiri mhiri kwemakungwa muna Europe, kunyange asina kuridza aitungamirira basa iri nharaunda yacho indasitiri, asi tiri chinokosha ayo kunopindirana upfumi.