Ndeipi simba kusakarongeka mu wefizikisi?

The simba kusakarongeka - mumwe mana masimba inokosha inodzora zvinhu zvose zvakasikwa. The mamwe matatu - regiravhiti, yemagetsi, uye simba kudyidzana. Kunyange zvazvo zvimwe mauto kuchengeta zvinhu pamwe chete, simba simba richiita basa rinokosha mune kuparadzwa kwavo.

The simba kusakarongeka akasimba giravhiti, asi zviri inoshanda chete panguva pfupi chaizvo marefu. Force chiito subatomic sandara, uye anobatsira inokosha mukuita simba nyeredzi uye pakusika zvinhu. Uyewo mhosva yakakura chikamu yepanyama mwaranzi zvose.

Fermi dzidziso

Italian yefizikisi Enrico Fermi muna 1933, yakatanga dzidziso kutsanangura Beta kuora - chirongwa kutendeuka ane Nyuturoni kupinda hwepurotoni uye Erekitironi misha, inowanzotaurwa nezvayo iyi, iyo Beta PARTICIPLE. Iye kunorondedzerwa mutsva mhando simba, vanonzi simba kukurukurirana, raiva basa pokuwa, chinokosha muitiro tishandurwe ane Nyuturoni kupinda hwepurotoni, imwe Erekitironi uye neutrino, iyo gare gare akaziviswa kuva antineutrinos.

pakutanga Fermi vakafunga kuti pakanga chinhambwe razero uye Clutch. nezvimedu maviri akanga adjoin kumanikidza zvakashanda. Sezvo zvakava pachena kuti simba kusakarongeka chaizvoizvo ndiyo anokwezva simba, iyo kunooneka pacharo ane zvikuru pfupi kure, zvakaenzana 0.1% hwepurotoni dhayamita.

electroweak simba

The radioactive kuora pakati simba simba anenge 100 000 nguva duku pane remagetsi. Zvisinei, zvinonzi ikozvino kuzivikanwa kuti nechomukati remagetsi, uye izvi dzakasiyana zviviri mananara inofungidzirwa kumirira kuratidzwa rimwe chete electroweak simba. Izvi zvinosimbiswa nechokwadi kuti vauye pamwe chete panguva simba kupfuura 100 GeV.

dzimwe nguva zvinonzi kuti simba kusakarongeka kunoratidzwa muna kuora pamusoro mamorekuru. Zvisinei mezhmolekulrnye mauto vari electrostatic zvakasikwa. Vakanga yakawanikwa pedyo Van der Waals nokubereka zita rake.

Mureza womuenzaniso

The simba kusakarongeka mu wefizikisi rutivi vomureza muenzaniso - chepuraimari PARTICIPLE dzidziso, iyo inorondedzera chinokosha maumbirwo nyaya, achishandisa mamwe naka equations. Maererano muenzaniso uyu zvepakutanga nezvimedu m. E. Kuti usingagoni muzvikamu zviduku, ndivo Dzokuvaka muchadenga.

Mumwe PARTICIPLE kwakadaro quark. Masayendisiti regai inotaura kuvapo chinhu maduku, asi ivo vachiri kutsvaga. Kune 6 marudzi kana mhando quarks. Kuaisa kuitira kuwedzera uremu:

• yokumusoro;
• dzikisa;
• nyika;
• enchanted;
• naka;
• wechokwadi.

In anofambidzana siyana, zvinoumba-siyana mhando subatomic inoramba. Somuenzaniso, protons uye neutrons - inoramba makuru mabhomba neerekitironi - quark panofanira matatu nerimwe. Two okumusoro vanoumba hwepurotoni. Okumusoro maviri dzinoumba Nyuturoni. quark chinja mugwaro angachinja hwepurotoni kuti Nyuturoni, nokudaro kushandura chimwe chinhu kune mumwe.

Rumwe rudzi PARTICIPLE chinhu boson. Izvi nezvimedu - vectors kudyidzana, iyo ine namatanda simba. Photons muri rudzi boson, gluons - mumwe. Mumwe nomumwe mauto aya mana kunokonzerwa exchange kwokukurukurirana pakati vatakuri. kudyidzana simba gluon remagetsi uye - a photon. Graviton hunonzi ari mutakuri simba regiravhiti, asi akashaikwa.

W- uye Z-bosons

Simba kusakarongeka iri yairevererwa W- uye Z-bosons. nezvimedu izvi zvakafanotaurwa ne Nobel laureates Steven Weinberg, Sheldon Glashow Abdus Salam uye 60s remakore rapfuura, akavawana muna 1983 panguva European Organization for Nuclear Research CERN.

W-bosons vari electrically mhosva uye vari runotaurwa W ⁺ (chokwadi mhosva) uye W ^- (nhingi mhosva). W-boson alters murwiyo pakati inoramba. Emitting electrically mhosva W-boson, quark simba simba anochinja mugwaro, akatendeuka hwepurotoni kuva Nyuturoni kana vakutarisire. Izvi ndizvo zvinokonzera Fusion yenyukireya uye anoita nyeredzi apise.

Izvi zvakaitwa pave kunorema zvinhu kuti pakupedzisira vabudiswa muchadenga kubudikidza supernova kuputika, kuti uve Dzokuvaka mapuraneti, zvinomera, vanhu uye zvose zviri munyika.

kwazvakarerekera iyezvino

Z-boson ndiyo enyika uye ane simba kwazvakarerekera kuitika. kudyidzana dzaro nezvimedu rakaoma kuona. Experimental anotsvaka nokuti W- uye Z-bosons ari Kuma1960 akatungamirira masayendisiti kuti dzidziso, kubatanidza remagetsi uye simba rehondo chete "electroweak". Zvisinei, dzidziso vakarayira kuti zvacho-vatakuri kuva riine uremu, asi masayendisiti anozivikanwa kuti W-boson dzidziso inofanira kuva inorema kutsanangura ayo pfupi siyana. Theorists uremu W akatakurwa nokuda asingaoneki mashandiro inonzi Higgs mashandiro kuti anopa ariko Higgs.

Muna 2012, CERN vakazivisa kuti masayendisiti vachishandisa pakukura akisarareta munyika - mashoko Large Hadron Collider - vakachengeta PARTICIPLE itsva, "chaienzanirana Higgs boson."

Beta kuora

Simba kusakarongeka kunoratidzwa muna β-kuora - mumwe mutoo umo hwepurotoni ari kuchinjwa kuti Nyuturoni ndiEzekieri. It kunoitika kana mwoyo weatomu pamwe neutrons zvakawandisa kana protons mumwe wavo vatendeukira mumwe.

kuora Beta zvinogona kuitwa imwe yenzira mbiri:

1. Apo Beta-kubvisa kuora, dzimwe nguva yakanyorwa β ^- kuora, Nyuturoni rwakakamukana hwepurotoni uye Erekitironi antineutrino.
2. Simba kusakarongeka Unoratidzwa kuora mabhomba nuclei, dzimwe nguva yakanyorwa β ⁺ kuora, kana Purotoni iri rwakakamukana kuva Nyuturoni uye positron neutrino.

Mumwe okunze ungatsauka mune dzimwe, kana mumwe wawo Nyuturoni nomuzvarirwo kuva hwepurotoni kuburikidza kunaka Beta kuora, kana apo mumwe wayo hwepurotoni nomuzvarirwo yachinjwa kuva Nyuturoni kuburikidza β ⁺ kuora.

Double Beta kuora kunoitika apo panozogadzirika 2 panguva imwe chete kuva hwepurotoni Nyuturoni 2 kana ndiEzekieri, mauri chaibwinya Erekitironi antineutrinos 2 2 uye Beta inoramba. Mugore tsvagai Neutrinoless kaviri Beta kuora pamusoro neutrinos vari aumba.

Erekitironi kubatwa

Purotoni anogona kuva Nyuturoni kuburikidza muinonzi Erekitironi kubatwa kana K-kubatwa. Kana tsanga ine zvakawandisa uwandu protons toreva nhamba neutrons, maerekitironi, kazhinji kubva mukati Erekitironi goko zvakafanana vasawira musimboti. Erekitironi orbitals vatora mai musimboti, zvigadzirwa ndiyo mwanasikana neerekitironi neutrino. The mabhomba nhamba mwanasikana musimboti vakawana ari decremented 1, asi uwandu protons uye neutrons inoramba chete.

yenyukireya kuita

The simba kusakarongeka rinobatanidzwa Fusion renyukireya - maitiro ayo anopa simba kwezuva uye yenyukireya (rehydrogen) bhomba.

Danho rokutanga kwemapazi rehydrogen ari kudhumhana pakati protons maviri zvakakwana simba rokukurira yakawiriranwa kuvenga vainzwa navo nokuda kwavo remagetsi kudyidzana.

Kana nezvimedu maviri akaronga pedyo nepedyo, mumwe kukurukurirana simba anogona kushamwaridzana navo. Izvi zvinoita ane kusagadzikana muchimiro nehelium ^(2), iro rine chinoumba pamwe protons maviri, kusiyana akatsiga chimiro (No ^4), iro rine mbiri protons maviri neutrons.

Munyaya inotevera Danho panodiwa simba kudyidzana. Nokuda overabundance pamusoro protons mumwe wavo kaviri Beta kuora. Pashure paizvozvo, vamwe maitiro, kusanganisira zvenguva inotungamirwa uye Fusion ³ Akazopedzisira kuumba mudanga ^4.