Ndezvipi zviratidzo? Makemikari zvinhu zve fluorin, chlorine, iodine uye astatum

Zvose zvinyorwa zvemafuro epanguva yaMendeleyev zvakabatanidzwa pamwe chete, zvichienderana nemakemikari avo. Muchikamu chino, tichaongorora izvo halogens (kana halides) zviri.

Tsanangudzo yeHarare

Halogens zvikamu zvinobva patafura ye periodic yaMendeleev Group 17, uye maererano nezvakagadzirwa kare - boka guru rinomwe. Maitiro mashanu chete emakemikari ndeaya mahara, kusanganisira fluorine, chlorine, iodine, astat uye bromine. Zvose zvavo hazvisi zvimiridzo. Halogens inoshandiswa zvakanyanya, uye panze yekunze zvinhu izvi zvine 7 magetsi.

Ndezvipi zviratidzo, nei vakawana zita iro? Izwi rokuti "halogen" rinobva pamashoko maviri echiGiriki, ayo pamwe chete anoreva "kuberekwa munyu." Chimwe chezvinhu zveboka iri chlorine, pamwe chete ne sodium mafomu munyu.

Zvisikwa zvenhengo ye halogen boka

Icho chemikemikari yeHalogi yakafanana, asi maitiro chaiwo ezvinhu zvakasiyana kubva kune mumwe.

Fluoride chinhu chinotyisa chevara ruvara, zvine furo yakaipa uye inopisa. Chlorine iri gorosi-gesi gasi rine inorema uye inonyangadza. Bromine ibhu rakaoma. Astat ibhandi-yakasviba yakasimba nehupamhi hunopisa. Iodini ine grey rakasimba. Kupfupisa mashoko aya pamusoro apa, munhu anogona kupindura mubvunzo uyu: "Ndeapi mahara?". Aya ndiwo gasi, mvura, uye zvisikwa.

Makemikari zvinhu zveboka re halogen

Nzvimbo inowanikwa yakawanda yehulogi dzose ndeyokuti iyo yose inoshandiswa zvikuru. Iyo yakanyanya kushandiswa inonzi halide iri fluorine, iyo inopindura nezvose zvese, uye iyo isingashandiswi ndeye astatine.

Kukurukurirana nemahara kune zvinhu zviri nyore (kunze kwezvimwe zvisiri izvo) zvakajeka. Muzvisikwa, zvinowanikwa muhuwandu hwemakemikari.

Fluoride

Izvozvo semakemikari chinhu se fluorine yakawanikwa chete pakupera kwezana remakore rechi19 nemumwe musayendisiti wechiFrance anonzi Henri Moissan. Fluoride ndiyo gesi yemucheka wakajeka. Halogens inowanzo isiri-simbi uye zvinokonzera, uye fluorine kubva kune halogens yose ndiyo inoshanda zvikuru. Iye zvino iyi halogen inonyanya kukosha mubhizimusi nokuti inoshandiswa pakugadzira mapaipi, kutema tape, zvigadzirwa zvakasiyana-siyana, zvisiri zvematanda zveprying pans uye zvisikwa, uye mukurapa kwekugadzira mishonga yemagetsi nemashuini. Mumakambani, iyi halogen inoderedzwa ne nitrogen.

Chlorine

Chlorine inozivikanwa nemakemikari element, ndeyeboka reHalogi. Ndezvipi zviratidzo, isu takabviswa pamusoro. Chlorine inochengetedza zvinhu zvinokosha zvezvinhu zveboka rayo.

Zita raakagamuchira kubva pashoko rechiGiriki rokuti "chloros", iro rinoshandura segirini yakaoma. Iyi gesi yakawanda kwazvo mumasikirwo, inowanikwa mune zvakawanda mumvura yegungwa. Chlorine yakakosha zvikuru chemikemikari, iyo inonyanya kukosha kubvisa, kuvhara maruva, nekudzivirira mvura yekunwa.

Asi chlorine inozivikanwawo nokuti inonyanya kuuraya zvombo. Muna 1915, mauto eGermany akashandisa anenge mabhiriyoni matanhatu nemaikisi aya ne halogen neuto reFrance. Ichi chombo chinouraya chakagadzirwa nemudzidzisi anozivikanwa wechiGermany Fritz Haber.

Iodine

Iodine, kana iodine, imwe imwe yemakemikari inowanikwa neboka re halogen. Chaizvoizvo, mumutambo weMendeleev, chinhu ichi chinonzi iodine, asi iodine inotorwa nezita risiri duku. Zita rekuti chinhu chinobva kune rechiGiriki, iro rinoreva "violet" muchiRussia. Ichi chemikemikari muupenyu hwezuva nezuva inowanzoitika. Kana uchitaurirana nedzimwe mahara, kunyanya chlorine, nzira yakanakisisa yekurapa mavanga uye maronda anowanikwa. Iye zvino iodine inoshandiswa mukurapa kuitira kudzivirira chirwere chetachiona.

Astat

Astat inofadza pakuti haina kumbobvumirwa nemakemikari muhuwandu hwakawanda zvokuti inogona kuonekwa neziso risina kujeka. Uye zvichida, mukana uyu hauzombofi wakaratidzwa kwavari. Kana nyanzvi dzikawana huwandu hwechikamu chemakemikari, inogona kubuda pakarepo, zvichibva pakuitika kwekushisa kwepamusoro, iyo inoratidzika semugumisiro wemasaisai anokonzera majekiseni echinhu ichi. Astat ndiro rarest chemical element, uye zvishoma zvinyorwa zviri pasi.

Pakati pehagi, astat chinhu chinenge chisingabatsiri, nokuti panguva ino hapana kuwanikwa kwakawanikwa kwairi.

Kushandiswa uye zvinoreva

Pasinei nekuti iyo halogens yose ine makemikari akafanana, anoshandiswa munzvimbo dzakasiyana. Somuenzaniso, fluoride inobatsira kumeno, ndicho chikonzero ichi kuwedzerwa kumazino. Kushandiswa kwerapeutic and prophylactic agents, iyo ine kemikari ye fluoride, inodzivirira kutaridzika kwecaries. Chlorine inoshandiswa kubudisa hydrochloric acid, iyo inonyanya kukosha mumhizha nemishonga. Chlorine inoshandiswa pakugadzira raubha, plastiki, zvinogadzirisa, dyes, uyewo maitiro ekugadzira. Mishonga ine chinhu ichi inoshandiswa mune zvekurima kwekurasika. Halogen chlorine inonyanya kukosha pamapepa ekubvisa uye micheka. Zvinotendwa kuti kushandiswa kweklorini yekurapa mvura yekunwa haina kuchengeteka. Bromine, iyo inonzi halogen, uyewo iodine inowanzoshandiswa mukurapa.

Kukosha kwezvirevo zvehupenyu muhupenyu hwevanhu zvakakura. Kana tichifungidzira kuvapo kwevanhu pasina mahara, ipapo tinenge tisingabvumirwi nezvinhu zvakadai semifananidzo, zvinodhaka uye zvinodhaka, rebhu, plastiki, linoleum nezvimwe zvakawanda. Mukuwedzera, zvinhu izvi zvakakosha kuti muviri wevanhu uite zvakanaka, kureva kuti, vanoita basa rinokosha rehupenyu. Kunyange zvazvo zvinhu zvemaHalogi zvakafanana, basa ravo mumhizha nemishonga zvakasiyana.