Kukosha kwemiti muhupenyu hwevanhu uye mumasikirwo. Basa rezvirimwa mumasikirwo uye hupenyu hwehupenyu

Zvirimwa zvinotipa zvokudya, kupfeka, kupisa, kunofadza kutarisa muimba yekuunganidza, maruva uye maruva anoitwa. Izvo zvipenyu zvinoumba chigadzirwa chinyoro chepasi redu chinokwanisa kugadzira michina yehupenyu nekubudiswa kwe okisijeni muNyika pasi. Kukosha kukuru kwezvirimwa muhupenyu hwevanhu, mumasikirwo, mabasa ehupfumi evanhu. Funga nezvemazano makuru ekushandiswa kwakanaka uye basa rekufungisisa kweboka guru iri rezvisikwa zvipenyu.

Izvo zvishamiso zvinomera zvezvisikwa

Zvirimwa zvinogona kuwanika kwose kwose: musango, munda, pagungwa, mugomba remvura uye pamusoro pegomo. Pakati peboka iri rezvisikwa zvipenyu, zvisingatauri uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoratidzika. Sayenzi, iyo inoongorora zvirimwa, maitiro avo, kuparadzirwa uye systematics, ndeye botany. Kuzara kwezvinhu zvose zvinomera zvinowanikwa mune imwe nzvimbo inomera.

Kune hutatu hupenyu hupenyu. Izvo zvakasiyana pakuonekwa: miti, shrubs uye uswa. Kusiyana kwekutarisira kweupenyu kunowanzoitwa kwegore negore, zvinyorwa zvakanaka uye zvisingaperi. Kune boka guru rezvisikwa zvepore pasi Pasi-algae, mosses, mosses, ferns, ferns. Gymnosperms uye maruva ndeyembeu. Izvi zvinomera zvakashandiswa nemunhu kubvira kare.

Musayendisiti weRussia KA Timiryazev akanyora kuti masero matsvuku anoita se "Prometheus, uyo akabbira moto kubva kudenga." Mazuva ezuva anoita seanochengeterwa mune simba rezvinhu zvakasikwa nemiti. Timiryazev, uyo akadzidza chlorophyll uye basa rezvirimwa mumasikirwo uye hupenyu hwehupenyu, zvinonzi vanhu vepaguru vepasi pano "vamiririri pakati pedenga nepasi." Musayendisiti aireva nzira yekugadzira shuga uye starch mumagetsi mashomanana - photosynthesis. Izwi rechiGiriki iri muchishanduri rinoreva "kushamwaridzana muchiedza" uye rinoreva nzira inokosha yekudyisa - autotrophic. Zvisikwa zvipenyu-autotrofu inogadzira zvirongwa zvinokonzerwa nezvinhu zvakasikwa kuburikidza nesimba rekuvhenekera (Zuva kana chiedza chekugadzira). Zvisikwa zvevanhu nemhuka hazvifananidzi nenzira yakadaro, saka vanoda zvirimwa.

Photosynthesis

Midzi inotora mvura kubva muvhu uye mineral salt, kuburikidza nemakomba microscopic mumashizha inopinda carbon dioxide kubva mumhepo. Izvo zvinhu zvakasikwa zvakaguma nemagumisiro emakemikari ebhotoynthesis inhengo yehuga uye starch. Iyo nzira yakaratidza kukosha kunogara kwezvirimwa mumasikirwo uye hupenyu hwehupenyu. Icho chinonzi photosynthesis chinoratidza urongwa: 6CO ₂ + 6H ₂ O → C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ + 6O ₂ . Mamwe maitiro emakemikari anoitika mumiti, zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoumbwa (starch, cellulose, mapuroteni, mafuta, lignin, mavitamini, resin nevamwe vazhinji). Dzinopedzwa nemuti wacho pachawo, unokosha mukudya uye kuporesa kwemunhu, shamwari dzake dzine mavara mana - mhuka.

Basa rezvirimwa mumasikirwo uye hupenyu hwehupenyu

Autotrophic zvisikwa zvinokosha kune hupenyu hwose pasi pano. Kukosha kwezvirimwa kunotsanangurwa nezviitiko zvinotevera zvemakemikari zvinowanikwa mumasero matsvuku:

• Nzira yekudyisa, iyo iyo inobatwa, simba rekuedza rinoshandiswa pakuita;
• Kusunungurwa kwemhepo yakakosha kunofanirwa nekufema kwevanhu, mhuka nemiti ivo pachavo;
• Kuumbwa kwezvinhu zvezvinhu;
• Kubvumira kabhoni dioxide, izvo zvinyorwa zvakawanda zvinokuvadza vanhu nemhuka.

Panyika, pane kuchinjana kwezvinhu uye simba mumharaunda yega uye pasi pose. Kune zviduku uye zviduku zvezvokudya zvezviyo, izvo zvinoumba urongwa hwekugovera:

• Masango uswa → hare-kuru → mbira;
• Nectar uye maruva emaruva → nyuchi → osoed (shiri);
• Clover → mhuru → munhu.

Kukosha kwezvirimwa zvakasvibirira mumasikirwo uye hupenyu hwehupenyu - kubatanidzwa mumakwikwi emvura, oksijeni, nitrogen, carbon dioxide nedzimwe mishonga. Semuenzaniso, zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana hazvikwanisi kuisa nitrogen mamolekemu kubva mumhepo uye muvhu. Element inofanirwa pakusika mapuroteni-anokosha zvikuru "chivako chekuvaka" uye chikafu.

Pamidzi yemiti yakasvibirira, mishonga inosanganisira mabhakitiriya ekugadzirisa nitrogen inoumbwa. Vanoshandisa nitrogen, iyo iri mumhepo inozadza voids muvhu, ichiiita iyo michina inowanikwa kune miti yakajeka. Iyi symbiosis inobatsirana kubatsirana kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvehupenyu. Kana mbeu dzikafa, ivhu rakagadzirwa nemishonga ye nitrogen, inogona kuenzaniswa nemidzi miviri. Kune vanhu, marumusi inokosha kukosha kweprotheni. Mukurima, inoshandiswa segorosi rinomera.

Zvitsva zvegreen uye kuumbwa kwemhepo

Kukosha kwezvirimwa mumasikirwo uye hupenyu hwevanhu zvakasiyana zvikuru. Nokudaro, photosynthesis, nitrogen fixing uye kufemerwa (kusunungurwa kwemvura inopisa nemashizha) kunopisa mhepo yakagadzirwa. Kubuda kwepamuviri kunobatsira muviri weguru kuti uzvidzivirire pakupisa. Kuvonga kumiti, mhepo yakanyanya kuchena, yakachena, inotonhorera uye inonaya:

• Majekiseni eGreen mumwenje anotora carbon dioxide kubva mudenga uye anosunungura okisijeni;
• Mashizha anogona kukwira, kutonga zviri mukati memvura inopisa mumhepo;
• Zvirimwa zvinosunga guruva, soot nezvimwe zvinosvibisa zvinokuvadza vanhu;
• Iyo phytoncides yakasunungurwa nemashizha inokuvadza mishonga.

Kukosha kwekufunga kwezvirimwa muupenyu hwehupenyu

Zvinhu zvakasara zvemashira, mapoleni, mashizha nemapuranga anorema anobvumira masayendisiti kuti aone kuti chii chakange chakafanana nemamiriyoni emakore apfuura, kutora mhedziso pamusoro pekuchinja hupenyu pasi pano. Nezvindori zvegore negore mumatanda, unogona kutonga mamiriro ekunze mumakore akasiyana. Kune michero-barometer, inotumbuka mumhepo yakanyoro uye ichivhara maruva pamberi pemhepo. Pamashizha emakara, bhara pamberi pemvura, kune madonhwe emvura. Zvirimwa zvinowanzoshandiswa mukuedzwa kunoitwa nevamiriri vematare akasiyana-siyana wesayenzi. Semuenzaniso, vatsigiri vezvakatipoteredza, vachidzidza makemikari yemasero nemasukisi, vanotonga kusvibiswa kwekugara.

Zvirimwa zvinoshanda sechinhu chekusarudza basa, kutsvaga nzira dzekutora ruzivo rwekuzvarwa. Kune zviitiko zvinonakidza apo michero isingashandisi kushandiswa muongororo uye yakagadzira kuwanikwa kunokosha. Semuenzaniso, mutauro weChirungu Robert Boyle akazarura zvikwangwani, nekudonha makemikari pamunda we violets mubheji. Zvirimwa zvinoshanda semuenzaniso wekugadzira zvigadzirwa zvemichina yakaoma, zvivako zvehujini (bionics).

Zvirimara uye Indasitiri

Masero emagetsi anoita seanlar energy accumulators. Iyo inochengeterwa mumakemikari zvakabatanidzwa emakemikoro ehupenyu. Masango anofukidza pasi munzvimbo dziri kure dzeGeorgia yakakonzera kuiswa kwemalahle. Zvinhu zvinoshandiswa zvemafuro ezvematoriynthesis zvinosanganisirawo mafuta, peat, gasi chaiwo, mafuta shale.

Kusiyana kwezvirimwa, kukosha kwezvirimwa muhupenyu hwevanhu zvinosanganiswa nekushandiswa kwakazara mukudya, matanda, mapupa uye mapepa, textile, mishonga nemamwe mashizha. Zvigadzirwa zvemagodhi zvakakosha zvinhu zvakagadziriswa zvekugadzira fenicha, zvigadzirwa zvekuvakira, doroyrolytic doro, camphor nezvimwe zvinhu. Maererano nekufungidzira kusingatarisirwi, vanhu vanoziva 20 000 nzira dzekushandisa matanda. Iyo yakare-yakatsva pakupisa, kuvaka kwezvivako, masvingo, kubudisa pepa.

Zvinhu zvakakosha zvakagadziriswa zvemhizha idzi dzine firusi yezvirimwa zvirimwa (cotton, flax, jute, hemp nevamwe). Iko kunobva rubha yemasango ndiyo muti weTropical Hevea. Perfumery, zvipfeko hazvigoni kuita pasina mafuta anokosha.

Zvekurima uye munda

Kukosha kwemiti muhupenyu hwevanhu kunobatanidza nekushandiswa kwekudya, kwekugadzirwa kwezvokudya, kugadzirwa kwemagariro uye nzvimbo. Nemhando dzekushandiswa kwekurima, mapoka anotevera anozivikanwa:

• Zviyo zvezviyo (gorosi, rizi, bhari, rye, chibage nevamwe);
• Miti yemichero (mazai, soya, nyemba, nyemba);
• Zvibereko-berry (apple, cherry, currant, rapberry uye vamwe);
• Sugary (shuga, shuga beet);
• Miti (tomato, cucumber, pepper nevamwe);
• Oleiferous (sunflower, kubata chibharo, furukisi);
• Kushongedza (lilac, rose, chrysanthemum, aster nevamwe).

Zviyo nemagazi

Ihwo hunhu hwekudya hwemiti muhupenyu hwehupenyu hwakaoma kurondedzera. Masayendisiti anofungidzira kuti nezve 2/3 yezvokudya zvevanhu vanobva munyika dzakasiyana-siyana inogadzirwa nemiti yakabva. Zvinhu zvinobatsira zvinosanganisira mapuroteni, makhahydrates, mafuta, vitamini, organic acids.

Zvirimwa zvinoshandiswa pakudya muutsva uye maitiro akashandurwa zvachose kana kuti ivo voga zvikamu. Chimwe chinhu chikuru chezvibereko chinowanikwa muzviyo zvezviyo. Icho chinhu chepasi rose chemakhahydrates, mapuroteni nemafuta. Kubva kune zviyo zvinogadzirwa neupfu hwekubheka mabhizimisi, unobereka pasta uye zviyo. Mbeu yemichero yakajeka inokosha pakubika uye kudya kwezvokudya.

Miti, michero uye berry uye mbeu dzinobereka shuga

Zvirimwa zvinounganidza zvimiti zvinowanikwa muzvigadzirwa muzvibereko, mabhuru uye tubers, zvishoma nezvishoma mumashizha, mashizha uye rhizomes. Kukosha kwezvirimwa muhupenyu hwevanhu uye chikafu chinogadziriswa nemagadzirirwo akachengetwa mumasango akaoma. Yakawanda yemasero emuviri ane mavitamini uye zvimwe zvinogadziriswa zvinowanikwa muzvibereko, mababu, tubers uye mashizha emiriwo, miti yemichero nemichero yebriji.

Munguva yekupiswa kwekupisa, mamwe makemikari anokosha, somuenzaniso, mavitamini, anoparadzwa. Saka, vanachiremba, vanodya nutrition vanokurudzira zvakawanda kuti vadye mishonga nemichero mutsva. Iko kune mapoka evanhu vakatsinhanisa zvachose kumiti yezvokudya - zvinomera uye vegans.

Kukosha kwezvirimwa muhupenyu hwehupenyu huri muhuwandu hwevhitamini yakagadzirwa. Zvibereko, mashizha, rhizomes uye mbeu dzine mazana emakemikari anokosha. Zvizhinji zvezvose mumiti yemavhithamini, iyo ndeyemapoka A, B, C, E, K. Izvo zvinhu zvinodzora kushandiswa kwemagetsi mumuviri wakare, uyewo mumuviri wemunhu, mhuka. Kushayikwa kana kushayikwa kwezvinhu zvipenyu zvinokonzera zvirwere. Somuenzaniso, kushaya vitamini C, iyo yakazara mumichero nemichero mutsva, inokonzera kukanganisa kumadzimai uye muviri wose wevanhu - scurvy. Kurwisa hypo uye avitaminosis yakaoma, zviri nyore kudzivirira mamiriro aya asingadikanwi nokudya zvitsva zvinomera.

Mamiriro ezvinhu anowedzera munhengo zhinji yakawanda yemusi inotapira anokura; Iko yakanyanyisa, ikabuda uye shuga inowanikwa. Fatty acids yembeu nemichero inokosha sezvikamu zvemafuta anodyiwa. Waini, doro, tei, kofi, kocoa uye jisi yemichero inowanikwa kubva muzvibereko, majiroji, miriwo, mbeu nemashizha.

Mishonga yemishonga

Mukuwedzera kune zvakataurwa pamusoro apa, izvo zvinoratidza basa rezvirimwa muhupenyu hwehupenyu, kune imwe mushonga unoshandiswa uchishandisa mhuka dzomusango uye dzakasimwa. Mishonga yemishonga inosanganisira mishonga inokosha yemishonga:

• Alkaloids uye glycosides - vane simba rekutungamirira pane basa rezvikamu uye zvirongwa;
• Tannins - vane astringent uye antimicrobial properties;
• Vitamine uye kutsvaga michina - isingasviki pakugadzirwa kwemasabolism;
• Mafuta anokosha - ane anti-inflammatory and disinfectant effect;
• Organic acids - inokanganisa kudya, ganda, mvere;
• Flavonoids - kuronga simba remidziyo yeropa;
• Phytoncides - kuita zvinorwisa microbes.

Nokudaro, basa rezvirimwa muhupenyu hwevanhu riri mukana wekugadzira zvinhu zvakakosha muupenyu. Mishonga inowanikwa pamiti yakasvibirira yemiti yakasviba, inowanzova nemigumisiro, ichienzaniswa nezvinhu zvakagadzirwa. Kurapa zvinhu zvakagadzirwa nemazana evamiririri vemiti, zvinotevera zvinowanikwa zvakanyanya:

• Burochi yeEurope (itsvo, mashizha, birch bark, juice);
• Imbwa yakasimuka sinamoni (nhema dzenhema);
• Plantain yakakura (mashizha);
• Valerian officinalis (mudzi);
• Chamomile pharmacy (inflorescence);
• Minda-yeaved linden (maruva).

Pasina miti, kuvapo kwevanhu hakugoneki, naizvozvo kubwinya kwemavara kwepasi kunoda kushandiswa kwemashoko, kutarisa mafungiro nekuvandudza.