Dzidzo:, Secondary school and schools
Ko kufanana kwezvipembenene zvakadzika uye zvakapoteredza chii? Kufananidza maitiro emapurogiramu akapwanyika uye akapoteredza
Nyeredzi uye dzakapoteredza mhonye dzakatora kurumbidzwa nekuda kwekubwinya kwehutachiona hunotyisa hwevanhu nemhuka. Nokudaro, ruzivo pamusoro pezvinhu zvekugadzirisa kwavo uye mabasa ehupenyu hazvikuvadzi mumwe nomumwe wedu. Ndezvipi kufanana kwezvipembenene zvakadzika uye zvakapoteredza, chii chakasiyana, chii chinogona kuva nengozi? Mhinduro dzemibvunzo iyi dzinogona kuwanikwa munyaya yedu.
Ko kufanana kwezvipembenene zvakadzika uye zvakapoteredza chii?
Mumuviri wemhando mbiri uye dzakapoteredza honye inoumbwa nezviviri zvechokwadi izvo zvinoumba nhengo dzavo uye maitiro. Ngatiyeukei kuti coelenterates akanga asina zvigadzirwa zvataurwa pamusoro apa. Jellyfish uye mapepa anoumbwa nemasero anozivikanwa. Chimwe chinhu chinowanzoonekwa chimiro chechimiro chemuviri wehonye yemhando dzose, uye ukuru hwevamiririri vavo, izvo zvinosiyana zvakasiyana.
Nokudaro, honye yakadzika, chirwere chezvipfuwo - mombe yemombe, inokura kusvika mamita gumi. Asi pini inopoteredza haina zvishoma kupfuura 10 mm. Zvisinei, huwandu hwahwo hahupi hunoita huwandu hwekukuvadza, iyo yakaenzana yakaisvonaka.
Kufananidza kwemafuro akaputika uye akapoteredza
| Zviratidzo zvekuenzanisa | Tora Flatworms | Tora Roundworms |
| Habitat | Mvura uye mhuka | Organismic |
| Mutumbi wenyama | Missing | Primary |
| Mutumbi Mavara | Ecto, ento uye mesoderm | |
| Musculoskeletal system | Ganda-muscular sac | |
| Kugadzirisa chirwere | Yakavharwa, ine muromo uye yakavharwa mumatumbo asina kuvharwa | Kupfurikidza-rudzi, rwakagadzirwa nemuromo nemaruva akabatanidzwa, pamwe nemukumbo |
| The circulatory system | Missing | |
| Kuporesa | Aiwa: gasi kushandiswa kunoitwa kuburikidza nehupfumi hwemuviri | |
| Excretory system | Thin tubules, iyo inotanga ne pores inokosha | Inosanganisira yakareba tubules iyo yakazarura kunze nehomwe imwe |
| Nervous System | Nodal type | |
| Chirwere chepabonde, rudzi rwekudzivirira uye kubudirira | Kunyanya inonzi hemaphrodites, mukati, isina kuratidza | Dioecious, mukati, kusananga |
Habitat
Vamiririri vezvipembenene zvakadzika, semakwikwi, vanoparadzanisa munhengo dzomukati dzemhuka zhinji nevanhu. Uye yekutanga yakabatanidzwa pamasvingo avo nekubatsira kwezvivakwa zvakakosha zviri kumberi kwemuviri. Semuenzaniso, chiropa chinokonzera muromo uye mimba inobata, uye pork tapeworm ine proboscis nezvikorekedzo. Kurwisana nehonye yezvikamu zvakafanana zvekubatanidza hazvina, saka vanofanira kugara vachienda kune vanhu vekudya. Nokudaro, secarcarid, iyo inoparadzanisa mumucheno wemukati muduku wemunhu, "kufamba" kuburikidza nemuviri une nguva yeropa uye oksijeni.
Pakati pemakungwa ane mapapiro kune mhuka dzakasununguka. Marudzi akasiyana-siyana evanhu vanoita maparari akawana matanda matsva, emvura yemunyu, pamwe chete nematara emasango. Vanofudza nekuvhima mhuka duku: crustaceans, hydroids, zvipembenene zvezvipembenene uye dzimwe mhonye.
Lifestyle
Ko kufanana kwezvipembenene zvakadzika uye zvakapoteredza chii? Chokutanga pane zvose, munzira yehupenyu yehupenyu. Kuti vasvike muzera remakore ekupedzisira, vanofanira kuve nehupenyu hwakaoma. Saka, minye-mhondi - zvirwere zvevanhu, zvinonzi trichinella, mukugadzirisa kwekuvandudzwa zvinotsiviwa nevakawanda. Nguruve dzinotapukirwa nemakumbo avo, kudya zvinyorwa zvakasiyana-siyana uye nyama yemamwe mhuka inotapukirwa. Uyezve, kukurudzirwa kwavo uye kuiswa kwemapurogiramu e-cyst mumasikironi emasumbu inotora. Munhu anotapukirwa ne trichinella, achidya nyama isina nguruve yakakangwa. Mumukumbo, chirwere chepasitini chinosiya krisst, chinofamba uye chinopinda mukati memaviri.
Nyeredzi yakadzika, chirwere chepakati chechikafu, chinokura muhupenyu hwayo mumutumbi wemadzimai maviri ari pakati: mollusk uye hove. Izvo chete mushure meizvi, anosvika pachikwata chekuita zvepabonde mumakumbo ehupenyu hwevanhu nehove-kudya mhuka: makate, imbwa, mhumhi.
Mutumbi wenyama
Kubva pane data iyo tafura yedu inosanganisira, zvipembenene zvine maitiro akawanda anofambira mberi ehutano. Chimwe chazvo chimiro chemuviri wenyama. Mune minye yakazara, hazvisi zvachose. Mumuviri wavo wakanyatsorongedzwa mumutungamiri we-dorso-ventral uye une mavara ebhuki kana ribhoni. Kusiyana pakati pezvikamu havaiti, nokuti vakazadzwa nemhando yezvibatanidza zvisikwa - parenchyma.
Pasi penyeredzi ine chimiro chikuru chemuviri. Chimiro chayo chinonyanya kukosha ndechokushayikwa kwaro. Pakati pezvikamu zvinoramba zvichifamba mumvura, zvichiita mabasa anokosha zvikuru. Iyo inotakura okisijeni kumasukisi uye nhengo, uye kumakumbo akaisvonaka - mishonga yekuguma ye metabolism. Nemhaka yekuti mvura yakasvibirira iri pasi pekumanikidzwa, inobatanidzwa mukuchengetedza muviri unogara uchiita mahara.
Zvikamu zvekuchera
Zvinhu zvakakosha zvakasiyana-siyana zvine marudzi aya emhuka uye muzvisikwa zvehutano hwekudya kwekudya. Vamiriri vezvipembenene, pasinei nemararamiro avo, vane muromo wemuviri uye mudumbu unopera zvishoma. Izvi zvinoreva kuti havakwanisi panguva imwe chete kugamuchira zvokudya, uye kupatsanura zviduku zvisingabviri. Uye tapeworms haina zvachose isina utumbo, sezvo inotora zvinhu izvo zvave zvichinyorwa kubva kuchiedza chemukati mudumbu wemhuka.
Pasi penyeredzi zvipembenene zvine chirwere. Izvi zvinokonzera kosi yakaoma ye metabolism. Kutenda chimiro ichi, kubviswa kwezvisikwa zvisina kufanira hakubvumiri nekudya kwezvikamu zvitsva.
Maitiro ehurongwa huripo
Nenzira yakawanda, zvirongwa zvezvikamu zvebhururu zvakadzika uye zvakapoteredza zvine zvakawanda zvakafanana. Zvifukidzo zvavo zvinomiririrwa ne-skin-muscular sac. Ichi chivako chine maseli e epithelium yakafukidzwa uye zvidimbu zvakasiyana zvemasumbu zviri pasi pavo. Chigadziro chakadaro chinogonesa kufamba kwekushanda kwehonye munzvimbo. Gasi kuchinjana uye kushandiswa kwezvimwe zvinhu kune zvimwe zvakafanana.
Nenzira yeutsi, inosanganisira nodes uye nzira, inogadzira nhengo dzakasiyana-siyana dzenzwi dzehonye. Iko inonyanya iri pamucheto wepamuviri wemuviri. Aya ndiwo maziso e-photosensitive, tactile setae kana papillae, nhengo dzemakemikari maonero uye kuenzanisa. Pasinei nemisiyano yakakura mumhando yekubereka vana, mapapiro akazara uye akapoteredza ane zvikamu zvakafanana zvekuvandudza. Iyi yei, chirongo uye muviri mukuru.
Kukosha kwezvipembenene zvakadzika uye zvakapoteredza
Kunzwisisa kufanana kwezvipembenene zvakadzika uye zvakapoteredza, zvinokosha kutaura basa rehupenyu hwemhuka idzi. Kuparasisa mukati moutenyu hupenyu, vanovarova nezvigadzirwa zvavo zvemetabolism. Semuenzaniso, inokonzera kukonzera kuputika kwechiropa, kuparadzwa kwemasvingo e bile ducts. Tape mhonye, inonwisa mishonga nemavithamini kubva mumuviri wemuiti, inotungamirira pakupera kwayo, kusimba uye kunyange kurasikirwa kwekuziva. Kurwisa kwepasi kunoparadza zvikamu zvakawanda zvemiti, zvichikonzera kukanganisa kukuru kune mbeu. Gallic, stalk uye gorosi nematodes zvakakurumbira.
Nyeredzi dzakaputika uye dzakapoteredza dzinopisa hutano hwevanhu. Kuti udzivirire utachiona, zvakakosha kudya michero yakashambwa zvakanaka nemiriwo, nyama inotapiswa nehupfu nehove, usanwa mvura yakasvibirira, kubatana nemitemo yehutano hwehupi.
Saka, zvipembenene zvakadzika uye zvakapoteredza zvine zvinhu zvakawanda zvakafanana zvechimiro. Izvi zvinosanganisira: nzvimbo, maitiro akasiyana-siyana, mararamiro emararamiro, kuvapo kwezvikamu zvitatu zvemuviri, kusavapo kwerutenderera. Kunyange zvakadaro, mapurogiramu ane nhamba dzinoverengeka dzekufambira mberi. Chokutanga pane zvose, uku ndiko kuvepo kwechikamu chikuru uye kuburikidza nemukumbo.
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