Adat - chii ichocho? Tsanangudzo, zvinoreva izwi

Adat ndi (Javi: عادت) - izwi rakakweretwa kubva mumutauro weArabhu kurondedzera tsika dzakasiyana-siyana dzenharaunda dzakaitwa nemasangano eMuslim muNorth Caucasus, Central uye Southeast Asia. Pasinei nemafambiro aro echiArabic, shoko rokuti "adat" rakapararira munzvimbo yose yegungwa reSouth-Asia, apo, nekuda kwehutungamiri hwekoloni, yakashandiswa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana mumasangano akasiyana-siyana asiri echiMuslim. Mune nguva yekutanga yeIslam, pane mitemo yakawanda yepamutemo inotungamirira hupenyu hwemunharaunda, uye imwe yei yakange ichida. Izwi rezwi rokuti "adat" raigara richirwisana nemutemo we sharia

Icho chinonzi adat

Munyaya yepamutemo, adat ndiyo mitemo yemitemo, mitemo, zvinorambidzwa nemirairo yehutungamiri pamusoro pemafambiro evanhu sechikamu chevanhu vechiMuslim uye chirango chokuputsa kwavo. Uyezve, idzi ndidzo dzekutarisa zvikamu zvakasiyana zvevanhu vanochengetwa nemitemo iyi. Izvo zvakanyatsochengetedza uye zvakasimba. Adat inosanganisirawo marongerwo emitemo yemunharaunda uye yetsika, masangano ekugadzirisa kukakavadzana, kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwevanhu kwemazana emakore.

Adat muNorth Caucasus neCentral Asia

Pamberi kwekuuya kweIslam, vanhu veNorth Caucasus neCentral Asia vakanga vagara vasimbisa mitemo yepamutemo uye yezvematongerwo enyika, iyo yakaitwa munguva yekuIslam yakatanga kunzi adat. Munharaunda dzenyika dzeCentral Asia, inosimbiswa uye inotarisirwa nevamiriri vane kodzero dzemunharaunda, kazhinji nedare remaksakals. Inobva pachirongwa chemarudzi chekufambisa uye pamazana emakore ekuziva mukugadzirisa kukakavadzana pakati pevanhu, vemarudzi uye madzinza. MuNorthern Caucasus, mukuremekedza tsika dzetsika, purogiramu yeAdat yakatonga kuti tepi (mhuri) ndiyo inonyanya kutaurwa kwekuvimbika, kukudzwa, kunyadziswa uye pamwe chete mutoro.

Kutungamirirwa kwehutongi hweHurumende yeRussia hakuna kupindira nemitemo yepamutemo uye kutungamirirwa kutungamirirwa pamatunhu emunharaunda kumatare eAksakals uye teips. Saizvozvowo vaBolshevik mumakore ekutanga e1917 revolution. Adat yaiitwa pakati pevagari veCentral Asia neCaucasians kusvikira kuma1930, kusvika hurumende yeSoviet ichidzivisa kushandiswa kwayo uye yakatsiva iyo nemutemo wehurumende.

Adat muSouth-Asia

MuSouth-Asia, chirevo che "adat" uye zvarinoreva zvakatanga kuumbwa mumutauro weIslam. Sezviri pachena, izvi zvakaitwa kuti zviparadzanise pakati pemitemo yemasikirwo neyeMuslim. Muzana remakore rechi15, Malaykay Sultanate yakagadzira purogiramu yemitemo yenyika dzakawanda, pamwe chete nehupfumi hwehurumende nehupfumi, hwakanga huine simba rakajeka remurairo pasi pezita rokuti "Sharia." Adat aivawo nemasimba makuru emagwaro aya epamutemo. Aya mazano akazopararira munzvimbo yose uye akazova nemitemo yemitemo yemunharaunda yemunharaunda munzvimbo dzakadai dzakadai seBrunei, Johor, Pattani naAceh.

Adat muEngland Indies uye chidzidzo chacho

Mumakumi emakore ekutanga ezana remakumi maviri nemakumi maviri muDutch East India chidzidzo cheAdat chakasimuka seimwe nzvimbo yekudzidza. Kunyange zvazvo izvi zvakabatana nezvido zvehutungamiri hwekoloni, chidzidzo chacho zvisinei zvakadaro chakaita sangano rinoshingaira rezvesayenzi rakagadzirisa zvirongwa zvakasiyana zvekuenzanisa kune dzimwe nyika. Pakati pevasayenzi vakakurumbira vanobatanidzwa mukudzidza adate, Dutch van Vallenhoven, Ter Haar, uye Snouck Hungronche vakanyorwa. Tsanangudzo dzakawanda dzinokosha dzichiri kushandiswa mazuva ano pasi pemutemo wekodzero dziripo muIndonesia yemazuva ano. Zvinosanganisira "mutemo we" adat, "" mutemo wezvinyorwa zvekutengesa, "" communal right to land or use, "uye" mutemo wemunharaunda. " Mutemo weAdat wakashandiswa nehurumende yehurumende semutemo wepamutemo wekusimudzira mutemo, uyo wakanga wakamiririrwa nemutemo wekutendeseka, kunze kwemitemo yekoni. Mitemo yemunharaunda netsika dzemarudzi ose, kusanganisira vasiri vaMuslim, vakatanga kuungana pamwe chete kunzi "chibvumirano" - shoko rakange rine zvinorehwa nemutemo. Zvido zvaro uye zvigadziro zvaive zvakanyorwa mumagwaro epamutemo enyika idzi, maererano nezvakanyorwa mumutemo zvakakura zvakaiswa munharaunda yeEast Indies. Maererano nehurongwa uhwu, zvichienderana nekugadzirwa kwemasangano eAdat semutsika uye geographical unit, Dutch yakagovana iyo yose yeEast India ichiita zvikamu gumi nemapfumbamwe zvepamutemo.

Nhasi simba reAdat

Adat ichiri kushandiswa mumatare eBrunei, Malaysia neIndonesia (nyika umo chitendero chehurumende chiIslam) semutemo wehurumende pane zvimwe zvinhu. MuMalaysia, Mutemo wehurumende imwe neimwe yakagadza vamiriri vehurumende yeMalaan, vakadai seMusoro weIslam uye tsika dzeMalaysia. Mapurisa eAmerica, anozivikanwa seMejlis weAgama Islam baba Adat (iyo Council of Islam nemitemo yechiMalaysia) vane basa rekupa mazano vatungamiri vehurumende, pamwe nekugadzirisa nyaya dzeIslam nekutenda.

Mutemo wehutongi hwemashoko anoshandisa mutemo wemitemo

Kutongwa kwemashoko panyaya dzine chokuita neIslam uye zviitiko zvekutaura (somuenzaniso, kugoverana kwedzimba pamwe chete nevana vavo) zvinowanikwa munyaya yeSharia. Mutemo weAdat ndewekuti pane dzimwe nguva unotonga ukama hwehurumende uye hwemhuri mune chikamu cheMuslim cheSoutheast Asia. Mune dzimwe nyika dzeSarwak naSaab, kuunganidzwa kwevanhu vasiri maMalasia vemunharaunda yeMalaysia kwakanyoreswa kuburikidza nekugadzira matare edzimhosva anozivikanwa seMahkamaha Bumiputra uye Mahkamah Anak Negeri. Pano panewo maitiro akafanana nemadzinza echiMalaysia, anonzi Makhkamah pachawo, asi ane simba rakanyanya.

MuIndonesia, mutemo weAdate unoenderera mberi uchive nechinangwa chepamutemo mune dzimwe nzvimbo, kunyanya mumisha yakawanda yevaHindu kuBali, munzvimbo ye Tengger uye muSultanates Yogyakarta uye Surakarta.

Adat munzvimbo yeSoviet-post

Mushure mekuparadzwa kweSoviet Union, tsika yeAdat muCentral Asia yakatanga kumutsika muma1990 pakati pemaguta echiMuslim mumaruwa. Izvi zvaive zvakakonzerwa nekuparara kwemutemo uye mitemo yekuchengetedza mitemo munzvimbo dzakawanda dzeCentral Asian region. Kuburikidza kweNyika dzeNyika dzezvezvematongerwo enyika munyika dzakabatanidzwawo mune izvi, sezvo yakawedzerwa simba remamwe masangano edzimba, semakanzuru evakuru (aksakals). Dzimwe hurumende dzekutungamirira dzinowanzotungamirirwa nemitemo yepamusoro.

Caucasian uye Chechen inotora

Kwemazana emakore, tsika yemadzitateguru ehurumende yehutongi-hurumende yaivepo muNorth Caucasus. Chechen inotora yakauya pasi paShamil. Izwi "Adat," tsanangudzo uye shanduro iyo inoreva chirevo che "tsika kana tsika" inobata basa guru kune vanhu veNorth Caucasian. Mushure memazuva aStalin, akazotanga zvakare kushanda muchivande (kubva kuma1950 ezana ramakumi maviri). Kune Chechens, adat murairo usinganzwisisiki wekuzvibata mumhuri uye munzanga. Chero chero mhuri yakanaka yeChekchen inoratidza kuremekedza nekutarisira chizvarwa chekare, kunyanya pamusoro pevabereki. Vabereki vakwegura vanogara nomumwe wevana vavo. Nemhaka yekudzvinyirirwa kwevanodzidza zveIslam munguva yemakore eStalin, adat, iyo yaive muChechnya neDagestan, zvisingatauri mitemo yemutemo wechiIslam. Zvisinei, nhamba inokura yevadzidzi vechiSulumani yakabudiswa muzvikamu zvekuda, izvo zvinhu zvinoshandiswa pakuita zvisarudzo zvinokosha mumatare emaguta uye munzvimbo dzedunhu.