Kurongeka kwemapfupa evanhu uye mapfundo avo

Bhuna ndiro chinhu chakaoma zvikuru mushure mezino mazino, aripo mumuviri wemunhu uye anoumbwa nemhando yakasiyana yezvibatanidza. Zvikamu zvaro zvinosanganisira kuvapo kwakasimba, kwakagadzirwa nemaminerari salt, fibrous intercellular zvinhu uye nyeredzi masero, akachengetedzwa nenzira dzakawanda. Kuenzanisa uye kugadzirwa kwemapfupa kunotibvumira kuti tinyatsonzwisisa kukosha kwemaitiro emushuloskeletal system mumuviri.

Urongwa hwemapfupa

Pfupa rega rega inhengo yakasununguka ine zvikamu zviviri. Chikamu chekunze ndiyo periosteum, uye chikamu chemukati chinoumbwa nechigadzirwa chinokosha chinobatanidza. Mhemberero dzavo ndiyo nzvimbo yehutano hunokosha hwevanhu hematopoietic nhengo.

Kuenzanisa kwemapfupa mufananidzo kunopa hupo hwemapoka anotevera:

• Yakare kana tubular;
• Muchidimbu, icho chinonziwo chinonzi spongy;
• Flat or wide;
• Kusanganiswa, dzimwe nguva kunonzi kusina kuchena;
• Airborne.

Mukati refu (tubular) bone, chikamu chepakati chakasanganiswa, chelindrical kana tarthedral. Iyi chikamu chinonzi diaphysis. Uye iyo miviri yakanyanyisa ndeye epiphyses. Kuvapo mune imwe neimwe epiphysis yenzvimbo yakakwirira, yakafukidzwa nechetitilage, inoratidza simba rekubatana.

Pakati pemvura inonzi skeleton yemakumbo, umo mavanodanwa kuti vaite mabasa emakumbo. Kuwedzera mapoka emapfupa emhando iyi inopa kuparadzana kwavo kwenguva refu uye pfupi. Yokutanga inosanganisira bandauko, hip, forearm uye gumbo rezasi. Kune wechipiri - metacarpal, metatarsal, phalanx yeminwe.

Muchidimbu (spongy) mapfupa, chimiro chacho chinofanana nekambani isina kukwana kana polyhedron. Iko iri munzvimbo idzodzo dzemasaga, umo kusanganiswa kwemasimba uye kufamba kwemajeri kunokosha. Icho chiri pamusoro pemakumbo, tasi.

Kubatanidzwa mukuumbwa kwemuviri wemuviri uye kushanda kwekudzivirirwa basa ndeyezvipfeko zvepfupa (yakafara) mapfupa, anosanganisira sternum, nenyati, mapira uye chivako chechigamba. Mishonga yakabatanidzwa panzvimbo dzavo, uye mukati mavo, sepakapfa, ndiyo marora.

Mafupa mashoma ari munhare yevanhu anobvumira kushandisa brashe kuita zvakasiyana-siyana zvekushandisa. Uye muzvigunwe, tsoka dzinowedzera kushorwa apo munhu akamira.

Urongwa hwemapfupa hunopa hupo uye hutano hwakaoma kwazvo hwemapfupa akavhenganiswa nemarudzi. Izvo zvakasiyana-siyana mumafomu uye basa (arc neminzwa yemutumbi wemuviri).

Pachine mhepo mumutumbi kune cavity yakakonzerwa ne mucous membrane uye izere nemhepo. Chikamu chemapfupa edehenya chinoreva izvi. Semuenzaniso, iyo yepamberi, yakagadzika, yakasvibirira, iyo yakafanana.

Kuenzanisa kwefupa rinobatanidza

Izvo zvikamu zvose zvemapfupa zvinoumba chikamu chekusava nehanya kwemishuloskeletal system, kushanda sehurongwa, mune zvakawanda, nekuda kwekuvapo kwemhando dzakasiyana dzekubatana, kupa hutano hwakasiyana hwekufamba.

Masangano emapfupa anoenderera mberi uye anopera. Uyewo kusiyanisa rudzi rwepakati rwemakemikari, iyo inonzi symphysis.

Zvinogadzirisa Makwenzi

Kuenzaniswa kwemapfupa evanhu kunokosha mumishonga yekudzivirira kukanganisa kwehutachiona hwemasisitemu. Pamwe chete neizvi, rudzi rwemasukisi kuti hubatanidzwe runokosha zvakare. Izvi zvinoita kuti zvive nyore kuzviparadzanisa fiber, mafupa uye martilaginous joints (synchondroses) pakati pezvikamu zvinopfuurira. Inobatsira ine simba rakakwirira remasimba uye rakasununguka. Mukati meboka iri remakemikari, syndesmoses, seams uye kurova ndega. Syndemoses inosanganisira zvikwata uye zvisingatauriki.

Mhando dzehutano hwemagetsi

Zvisungo mumagadziro zvipfeko zvakakura kana mahwendefa akaumbwa nesimbi yakawanda inobatanidza maviri uye yakawanda yemagetsi emu collagen. Bundle, sekutonga, inopa kuwirirana kwemapfupa maviri uye kusimbisa kwekubatana, kuvhara kufamba kwavo. Unyanzvi wekutakura mitoro inorema.

Nekubatsira kwemuviri wechipfuva, hutsinye hwemapfupa ehutu hunobatana, uye ndeyo nzvimbo dzekubatanidza kwemisungo. Nhengo dzomukati dzinoputika dzinotenderera mukati maro midzi yeropa nemisungo inotakurwa.

Imwe yemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzehutta ndeyemakumbo ehenya, zvichiparadzanisa maererano nekugadzirisa kwemajoka akabatanidzwa kupinda mumapuranga, scaly uye flat. Mhando dzose dzemasanganisi dzine muchengeti wepakati wehutachiona.

Vkolachivanie ihwowo hunyanzvi hwehutano hwakasanganiswa, hunoonekwa pamagetsi ezino uye mapfupa emapfupa e-alveoli mazino. Rino uye mapfupa emasvingo haabate. Vanoparadzaniswa nedanda rakapfurikidza rinoumbwa nemapundu. Inonzi periodontium.

Synchondroses uye synostoses

Kuenzaniswa kwemajoini emapfupa kunopa kuvepo kwe synchondrosis, umo kusungirirwa kunogadziriswa nekubatsira kwezvinyorwa zvegumbo. Izvo zvakanyanya maitiro e synchondrosis ndezvekusimba, simba.

Pakati pemapfupa, chirwere chinonzi cartilaginous chinotsiviwa nemapfupa emapfupa, anotungamirira ku synostosis. Kufambira mberi munyaya iyi kunosvika ku zero, uye zviratidzo zvesimba zvinowedzera.

Joints

Nzira yakanyanya kunyanya kushamwaridzana ndiyo majoini. Chimiro chezvinhu izvi zvinogadziriswa ndezvekuvapo kwezvinhu zvakakosha zvikamu: articular surfaces, articular cavity, synovial fluid uye capsule.

Nzvimbo dzepamusoro dzinovhara huta retialtiti, uye ganda iri nzvimbo yakatsvuka-yakafanana pakati penzvimbo yepamusoro yemapfupa, yakakomberedzwa ne-capticle articular uye ine yakawanda ye synovial fluid.

Kuputsika kwemapfupa

Kuparara ndiko kukanganisa kwakakwana kana kusarura kwehutendeka hwepafupa, iyo yakabva kune imwe kunze kwekurwadza kana mukugadzirisa kushandiswa kwenyama yakakonzera chirwere chacho.

Zita rakakwana rekuparara rinogona kushandiswa kana uchitarisa huwandu hwezviratidzo, izvo zvinonyanya kuparadzwa, iyo inoputsika bone inowanikwa. Mukuwedzera, zita rekuparara rinosanganisira maitiro ezvimwe zvikonzero zvekuitika kwaro (kushungurudzika kana kurwara).

Kuenzanisa kwemapfupa emapfupa kunonyanya kusanganisira kupatsanurana kwavo kuve kubatana uye kunowanikwa. Kuvapo kwekuparara kwemazuva ano kunokonzerwa nekuvhiringidzika mukati mekuwedzera kwema intrauterine uye hazviwanzoitiki. Pakati pavo, inowanzova iyo iyo dhehenya, mbambo, collarbone, mapepa uye hip zvinotambura. Kuputsana kwakasimuka nekuda kwekushungurudzika kwekuberekwa, kuti intrauterine kukura kwehukama haina, saka, inowanikwa unhu.

Kukanganiswa kwemafupa kunogona kushungurudzika uye kubata. Iyo yekare ndiyo migumisiro yekuita magetsi uye inowanikwa panzvimbo ino panzvimbo yekutsvaira uku (zvakananga) kana kunze kweiyo nzvimbo (isina kuratidzika). Rimwe boka rezviputsi zvinosanganisira izvo zvinoumbwa nekuda kwechigunwe chemapfupa emapfupa nechirwere kana zvimwe zvinopesana kana dystrophic.

Kuvhura uye kupfigwa fractures

Kuvhura kuputsana kunoonekwa nekukuvadzwa kweganda uye muchembera muzvivako zvinotyisa zvinokonzera, izvo zvakakonzera kukanganisa kwekuvimbika kwavo. Kana paine maronda uye mazinga ari kupwanyika, izvi zvinoita kuti pave nehutachiwana hwehutachiona uye hupenyu hunotevera huri shure kwekugadzirisa osteomyelitis.

Nokuputsika kwakapfigwa, kuvimbika kweganda hakuvhiringidziki.

Kuenzaniswa kwemapfupa, majoini avo uye zviputi zvinobvumira kunyatsojekesa basa remasaga mukushanda kwehupenyu huri pamwe chete uye kudzivirira kukanganisa mushuloskeletal system.