Cellular afemeruke uye photosynthesis. Kurovedza cellular afemeruke

Photosynthesis uye afemeruke - pezvakaitwa maviri kuti zvinokonzera upenyu. Ivo vaviri kuitika muchitokisi. Chokutanga - iri chirimwa uye vamwe kwemabhakitiriya, wechipiri - uye mhuka uye chirimwa uye fungal, uye utachiona.

Tinogona kutaura kuti cellular afemeruke uye photosynthesis - pezvakaitwa vanopikisa mumwe. Muchikamu, uku kwakarurama, sezvo ari wokutanga okisijeni takabatikana uye akasunungurwa carbon dioxide, uye yechipiri - pamusoro zvinopesana. Zvisinei, azvaiitwa vaviri zvakakodzera kwete kuenzaniswa sezvavanopinda kuitika organelles dzakasiyana vachishandisa zvakasiyana zvinhu. Zvinangwa ravakanga anodiwa, zvakare, akasiyana: Photosynthesis inoda kuti zvinovaka muviri, uye cellular afemeruke - nokuti simba.

Photosynthesis: apo uye izvi zvinoitika sei?

Izvi kwemakemikari maitiro nechinangwa chokuwana Organic zvinhu kubva inorganic. A chinodiwa ndiyo kuvapo aibuda photosynthesis chezuva, kubva kwayo simba anoita se anowedzera.

Photosynthesis chakanangana chirimwa, zvinogona kutaurwa zvinotevera mukana wokuti vanhu vanga:

• 6Saka ₂ + 6 ₂ O = C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ + ₂ 6D.

Kureva, nhanhatu, carbon dioxide mamorekuru uye zvakaenzana kwemvura mamorekuru pamberi chezuva chirimwa anogona kugamuchira morekuru shuga uye matanhatu okisijeni.

Ndicho nyore muenzaniso photosynthesis. Uyewo Shuga nezvimwewo zvinogona synthesized mune miti, zvikuru kunzwisisa makabhohaidhiretsi, uyewo Organic zvinhu kubva mamwe makirasi.

Heuno muenzaniso kugadzirwa amino acids inorganic yeimwe:

• 6Saka ₂ + 4h ₂ Haiwa + 2Saka ₄ ^2- + 2NO ₃ ^- + 6 ⁺ = 2C ₃ H ₇ Haiwa ₂ NS + ₂ = 13 °.

Sezvinogona kuoneka, mamorekuru matanhatu carbon dioxide, zvina mvura mamorekuru, vaviri sulfate ions, nitrate ions maviri nezvitanhatu rehydrogen ions utilizing rezuva simba kunogona kuwanikwa mamorekuru maviri cysteine namatatu - okisijeni.

Photosynthesis kwacho kunoitika inokosha organelles - chloroplasts. Ane ruvara chlorophyll, iyo anoita se anowedzera nemakemikari. organelles izvi kuwanikwa chete chirimwa mumasero.

The nemamiriro chloroplast

organelle ichi, ine chimiro elongated bhora. chloroplast kwemavara yemanyorero 4-6 microns, asi mune dzimwe algae mumasero anogona kuonekwa hofori plastids - chromatophores, vane saizi iri 50 microns.

Izvi zvinoreva organelle dvuhmembrannym. It akapoteredzwa wokunze uye yomukati anoshongwa. Ivo vanoparadzaniswa umwe intermembrane nzvimbo.

The womukati ezvinhu ari chloroplast inozivikanwa se "stroma". Rine thylakoids uye lamellae.

Thylakoids - a sandara Disc serin'i SACS ose Kamudzira, inova chlorophyll. Izvi ndipo photosynthesis anotora nzvimbo. Vachipinda ukapisa murwi, thylakoids vanoumba grana. Number thylakoids panguva vatarisana anogona dzinosiyana 3 kusvika 50.

Lamellae - chivakwa kana membranes. Dzinomirira munhu mapazi migero samambure ane chikuru basa - kupa richibatanidza zviso.

In chloroplasts dzinewo ribosomes zvavo zvakakodzera kuti mapuroteni usage, uye yayo DNA uye RNA. Uyezve, pangava inclusions, zvinosanganisira yokutsiva zvinovaka muviri, kunyanya starch.

cellular afemeruke

Kune mhando vanoverengeka izvi. Ko anaerobic uye Kurovedza cellular afemeruke. The maitiro wokutanga kwemabhakitiriya. Anaerobic afemeruke iri pakubhadhara anoverengeka: mumwe nitrate, sulphate, sarufa, simbi, carbonate, fumarate. azvaiitwa kubvumira utachiona kuwana simba pasina kushandisa oxygen.

Kurovedza cellular afemeruke maitire zvimwe zvinenge zvose, kusanganisira mhuka uye zvinomera. Inouya pamwe kutora chikamu reokisijeni.

The vamiririri fauna of cellular afemeruke kunoitika muna unyanzvi organelles. Ndivo vakadanwa mitochondria. In miti sezvo cellular afemeruke rikaitika mitochondria.

nzendo

Cellular afemeruke kunoitika matanho matatu:

1. The regadziriro danho.
2. Glycolysis (anaerobic muitiro, haatarisiri okisijeni).
3. Oxidation (Kurovedza Danho).

The regadziriro danho

Danho rokutanga kuti kunzwisisa zvinhu zviri zvomudumbu ino dzaputswa kupinda nyore. Saka, mapuroteni zvinobva amino acids kubva lipids - mafuta acids uye glycerol, kubva makabhohaidhiretsi zvakaoma - shuga. yeimwe aya zvifambiswe kupinda muchitokisi, uye ipapo - zvakananga kupinda mitochondria.

glycolysis

It iri chokwadi kuti shuga iri enzymatically unodokwairira pyruvate uye rehydrogen maatomu. Izvi unoumba ATP (adenosine triphosphate). mukana wokuti vanhu vanga ichi chinogona kutaurwa izvi:

• C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ = 2 C ₃ H ₃ O ₃ + 4h + 2ATF.

Saka, muna nedanho glycolysis imwe shuga Morekuru muviri anogona kugamuchira mamorekuru maviri ATP.

oxidation

Panguva iyi, yakaumbwa mumakore glycolysis pyruvic asidhi enzymatically zvaanoita pamwe reokisijeni kuti aumbe carbon dioxide inobvisa uye rehydrogen maatomu. maatomu izvi waendeswa kristinusko apo oxidized kuumbika mvura uye 36 ATP mamorekuru.

Saka, muna nedanho cellular afemeruke anogadzirwa zvachose 38 ATP mamorekuru 2 yechipiri Danho uye 36 - nezuva retatu. Adenosine triphosphate uye Nde simba panobva, iyo inopiwa mitochondria muchitokisi.

The nemamiriro mitochondria

Organelles umo afemeruke anotora nzvimbo, ipapo mhuka uye chirimwa uye masero fungal. Ivo nhaka idenderedzwa chimiro uye kukura vanenge 1 micron.

Mitochondria sezvo chloroplasts vane membranes maviri akaparadzaniswa pedyo intermembrane nzvimbo. Chii mukati membranes ari organelle, inonzi chizvaro. Rine ribosomes, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) uye mtRNK. Chizvaro anoenda glycolysis uye wokutanga oxidation danho.

Womukati Kamudzira pazvirugu vari kuumbwa, yakafanana anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri. Dzinonzi cristae. Hekuno Danho rechipiri wechitatu padariro cellular afemeruke. Panguva yake akaumba ATP mamorekuru akawanda.

Origin dvuhmembrannyh organelles

Masayendisiti akaratidza kuti hurongwa izvo zvinopa photosynthesis uye afemeruke vakanga chisavepo ne symbiogenesis. Kureva, kamwe zvakanga zvimwe zvinenge. Izvi anotsanangura chokwadi kuti vari mitochondria, uye chloroplasts uine ribosomes dzavo, DNA uye RNA.