Urbanization. Ndizvo zvakanaka kana zvakaipa?

In Statistical demography, urbanization - inofanira mumaguta pakukura mudziyo. It kunoratidzwa kukura ndima uye kuwedzera kwevanhu. Kwemazana emakore anoverengeka, dzidziso iyi rinoshandiswa senzira zvirongwa pokumuka munyika dzakasiyana zviratidzi socio-zveupfumi uye hurongwa.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti urbanization - Maitikiro acho anoenderana siyana zvinoita: enyika, kwemadzinza, mune zvoupfumi, mupfungwa, chitendero, etc. Kubvira muzana remakore rechi19, kwave kune unopinza kuwedzera kukura mumataundi uye vanogara maari. Kana muna 1800 nhamba vagari kupota nyika vakasvika 5%, pakasvika 1980 nhamba iyi yakawedzera kasere.

"Urbanization" - Tsanangudzo rokuti wokutanga akazviratidza muSpain muna 1867. Chii chakakonzera izvi? On the socio-kwouzivi nemaonero, urbanization - iri kuchinja kubva zvetsika evanhu itsva maindasitiri. The kuwedzera mumaguta ndimo nokuda kuchinja kumaruwa nemisha kupinda mumadhorobha mhando, kuumbwa mumaguta itsva uye akatama. Mune mamwe maguta makuru, vanogara kukura ari kuchengetwa kwete chete nokuda vanogara arikunze, asiwo nokuda vatorwa vatama, kazhinji pamutemo. Uyewo, nokuti maguta akawanda ari parumananzombe pakufamba kuenda kwaaishanda, apo vagari nzvimbo dzakapoteredza yokuenda pakati.

urbanization nzendo

Wokutanga kumwedzi zvinoreva 18-20 emakore uye anofukidza kusimukira nyika North America uye Western Europe. Panguva ino, urbanization chakaguma hwevanhu kukura kubva 5% kusvika 13%, nhamba vagari yakawedzera mamiriyoni 180. Man. Chikonzero chaiva yaitonga wokuti Britain nedzimwe nyika dzokuEurope.

Chechipiri nguva yakatanga kubvira panguva kufarirwa wokudzora (1900-1950 gg.). It kunoratidzwa chinoshingaira maindasitiri kukura enyika dzakawanda, kukura mumaguta makuru. Kwemakore 50, nhamba vagari yakawedzera 100 zviuru. Man.

Wechitatu Danho anonzi "munyika yose." Kutanga muzana remakore rechi20, nguva iyi kune chokuita zvesayenzi uye kugadzira zvinhu, chimurenga. Zvakaita kuti mutsva, zvikuru Qualitative pamwero maindasitiri kugadzirwa uye mamwe maindasitiri mazhinji.

Modern urbanization - chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha nokudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose pose. Rinoreva kunonyanya kumaguta makuru, iyo huri dzinenge 500 zviuru. Residents.

mabasa

KweSangano uye vabatane - kuparadzira tsika uye mararamiro muguta kubva pakati kusvika mapurovhinzi.

Differentiating. Nokufamba kukura zvikuru nzvimbo kuti vawane pakunamata uye zvinhu netsika muguta, pakati pavo pane dzakananga chaizvo uye kunyange nemamwe mabasa.

Somugumisiro nesungano pakati rakasiyana-siyana nemisha (misha, maguta uye agglomerations), yekudyidzana kuwedzere adaptive anokwanisa evanhu basa, kuva pakunamata uye zvinhu netsika.

Zvisinei, urbanization ane unhu hwakashata. Ichi kukura gogonera pamusoro nechepakati uye peripheral maguta, kusvibiswa, mupfungwa uye zvirwere nepfungwa pahwaro imwe nokukurumidza kuwedzera arambe achirema nzvimbo aiendeswa kwomuzvarirwo basa nevanhu.

Panewo pfungwa "urbanization nhema" - rimwe zvechadenga ezvinhu kusimukira. Somugumisiro overpopulation ose mumaruwa avo vageremo, vachisiya namafuro, kumanikidzwa kutsvaka nzvimbo itsva muguta dzokugara. Panyaya iyi, nhamba mabasa haina kukwana kuti basa vemo. Vemumusha, asvika muguta, vanobatana panhengo vasingashandi, uye havana vazhinji vavo pokugara kunokonzera dzamira varikumahombekombe uye murombo utsanana.