Akaita sei bhuku. Kana bhuku rokutanga

Bhuku iri zvakabatana nezvimwe zvigadzirwa guru Kare - kunyora, mapepa, ingi. akaita sei bhuku rokutanga , uye kuti anomiririrwa - zvakawanda nezvazvo mberi.

Definition uye kwakabva shoko

Book iri ano pfungwa shoko - inokosha zvibereko mhando, zvinosanganisira nomumwe mapeji kana machira iro kudhinda kana kurzive nzira akashandisa chero ruzivo.

On the mutauro kwechiSlavonic rainzi «kniga". Anofungidzirwa, shoko iri rave akakweretwa kubva Turkic mitauro yekare. Zvaireva "mupumburu."

Kana bhuku rokutanga? Mhinduro yomubvunzo uyu zvinoda kuongorora mamiriro ezvinhu pasina iyo vasingagoni kuitika. Kutanga - ndiwo mashoko nokuda kwezvisikwa zvinyorwa (paper), uye zvinoreva kuchengeta ruzivo (mu kunyora). Chete pashure pakuonekwa kwavo uye nhoroondo bhuku rakatanga.

kunyora

Bhuku rine mamwe mashoko. Kunyora izvozvo, tinofanira zvinotevera ezvinhu: nhaka manyorero nokunyora zvinhu. Makarekare vanhu vaishandisa zvokuudzwa nomuromo zivo. Vakati vari vashoma, ichi nzira pedyo. Asi kuunganidza mashoko kwaidiwa kuwana nzira itsva kuti hutachiwana uye kuchengetera. Saka vanhu tega kunyora. Zvino zvose kuti vanhu vazive nezvezvinhu nyika, zvakanga zvinoita, nokudaro rinoponesa ruzivo zvinokosha zvizvarwa zvaizotevera.

bhuku sei? Uyu ndiwo mumwe zvinofadza zvikuru mibvunzo munhoroondo yevanhu. Pindura zvakaoma, nekuti mukuru zvimiso chimiro mabhuku - kunyora, akaberekwa panenge panguva imwe chete kuMesopotamia yekare uye Ijipiti. Zvisinei, muchindwi panhau iyi, masayendisiti kupa sevaSumer, muchitenda kuti Mesopotamia (Mesopotamia) yaiva nyika yokutanga paiva manyorero.

Zvakanyorwa kare?

bhuku sei? Rinokosha ichi wakapata yokunyorera. Mumwe budiriro, achivhura nzira yayo kunyora ruzivo, yava kushandiswa kuchengeta zivo zvinhu zvakasiyana: Chinomera madzinde, mashizha, evhu, makwande omuti, simbi.

Plates - mashoko mukuru kuti kunyora. Vaiva nezvezvikwata zviviri: wakisi uye ivhu. Recent simba anowanzoita vanogumurwa, uye kuti natsai mashoko pashure zvakanga vasingachakwanisi. Mahwendefa Wax unokubvumira kudzima Chikwata uye kushandisa itsva. Vakanga akashandiswa Mesopotamia yekare uye Roma.

Mipumburu nhokwe madzinde, kutanga kushandiswa nevaIjipiti vekare. Zvino ichi mapepa mhando rakatanga kushandiswa pakunyora vokuFenikiya uye gare gare vaGiriki vaimuziva. Kwenguva refu mipumburu yaishandiswa senzira panzvimbo nyore mashoko zvinyorwa. Nokuda fragility nenhokwe hazvigoni akapeta, asi zvinogona kuparara kuva ubvise refu, waiva zvakakunakira chitoro echiShinto. Mukuwedzera, ingi kubva nhokwe iri nyore akageza kure, uye anogona kushandiswazve.

Kana bhuku rokutanga - chii resayenzi rinoti?

Mashoko ari mabwe yekare, matombo, mapfupa mhuka, bhuku haagoni kunzi. Ndivo munhu mashoko pane rugwaro. Asi maererano mashoko akapiwa munguva matongo tsvakurudzo, kuti chidzoke mabhuku okutanga yakatanga kusvika kare. Nechokunze vaiita zvakasiyana chaizvo kubva vazvo ano.

mabhuku okutanga akazviratidza III chemakore BC. e. muMesopotamia yekare. The vanogumurwa evhu ukapisa murwi mumabhokisi emapuranga, mumwe nomumwe achimiririra "bhuku" rakasiyana. MuRoma yekare, 2-4 ndiro waakaita pamwe, uye vakawana bumbiro (bhuku) kuti "machira" akawanda.

akaita sei bhuku rokutanga kuMiddle Ages?

Kwenguva refu mipumburu yenhokwe zvaigara. Asi vakanga pfupi-akararama, uye zvirokwazvo nhokwe muIjipiti akakura kuramba ichinetsa chirimwa. With veMubatanidzwa chiKristu kusvika magwaro matsvene payo vaida zvikuru Zvinokosha zvakaisvonaka uye nyore kubata zvinhu. Vakave parchment yakagadzirwa kubva ganda mhuka. Most inowanzoshandiswa nokuda kwayo kugadzirwa namatehwe embudzi, makwai uye mhuru. Yematehwe inogona akapeta pasina kukuvadza. Nokufamba kwenguva, izvozvo zvakatanga kuita mabhuku.

Mabhuku Ages wokutanga kusvika hapana rakasiyana ano chimiro. Zvinosanganisira mapeji akawanda uye ane butiro. mabhuku akadai dzaidhura chaizvo. Zvinoita munhu akatora kusvika 500 kwematehwe uye makore 2-3 basa vanyori uye vemifananidzo. Vakanga kazhinji yakashongedzwa anodhura muhoro nendarama nemabwe anokosha.

bhuku muRussia akaita sei? Kana nyika yedu, ane pachake nhoroondo yayo pakuonekwa vokutanga manyoro uye ndima. The Tsika mashoko tsamba XI-XV emakore pakanga pane Birch kuhukura makodzero. Vakanga kutanga yakawanikwa yakawanda muna Veliky Novgorod mukuvamba XX remakore.

Birch kuhukura akanga ane hutera, uye zvakachipa zvinhu zvakashandiswa zvikurukuru private tsamba. mapepa kukosha akanyorwa yematehwe.

Typography - A peji itsva munhoroondo pakuonekwa bhuku

Manyoro aidhura, uye kutenga rwokuramba kuva misha yavo vaikwanisa chete akapfuma chaizvo vanhu. KuMiddle Ages vanhu vane chitupa kwakanga kunyora nezvavo. Vakanga kunyanya mamongi, nyanzvi uye vakuru vakuru vehurumende (vanyori).

Muzana VIII remakore muEurope pane mumayunivhesiti vokutanga. States zvinoda vakawanda vanhu vakadzidza. Asi vadzidzi haigoni kutenga tomes dzinodhura. Kakawanda, chete bhuku aiva purofesa akanga achipa hurukuro, uye vadzidzi vaifanira nemusoro nayo.

Panguva iyoyo, muna China uye East, watopiwa akashandisa Chipuranga - kudhinda pamusoro jira. Asi nzira iyi kwaidhura nokuti jira pachayo kwaidhura.

MuEurope, nokuuya mapepa mukuvamba XV remakore, kudhinda yagadzirwa ichishandisa tapureta. Setsika, wokutanga kuona ichi nzira kubudisa mabhuku Johann Guttenberg. Kutaura zvazviri, tapureta atoshandisa nayo munyika dzakasiyana European. kuvamba kwazvo Gutenberg chaiva kusika munhu muchina wokudhinda.

Kana mabhuku akadhindwa akazviratidza, zvakakwanisika zvinozivisa ruzivo kwete chete mumamiriro ezvinhu ane ropafadzo kirasi: kwamachinda, vafundisi uye vamiririri nesayenzi. Zvishoma nezvishoma bhuku uchishandisa muchina dzawanika kune vamwe vanhu.

Kana tanga akadhindwa bhuku iri Russian? chiitiko ichi chinokosha chakaitika muna 1564. Vasati kuti, nyika achazvikomborera kunge kupinda ichi tomes mhando nokusaita Vaikopa uye muchina. mabhuku akadaro vasisiri nhau muRussia panguva pakusikwa kwayo kudhinda rokutanga.

The Russian akadhindwa bhuku rokutanga aiva "muApostora" - Nyanzvi chaiyo, akasika Ivanom Fedorovym uye Petrom Mstislavtsem.

afterword

Mubvunzo ndewokuti, sei bhuku iri nguva dzose kushanda, uye vanopfuura mumwe mwana muchakumbira kuchikoro kana kumba. Books, akatakura ruzivo, kusanduka nenguva. Zvino vanogona kuteerera kana kuverenga electronic shanduro, asi ivo vachiri nesu.