White Horde (AK Orda) - mumwe zvikamu mbiri Golden Horde

The Middle Ages - nguva inotungamirwa vemarudzi mazhinji uye paumbwe statehood yavo. Izvi ndizvo kwete chete nokuda nyika dzokuEurope, asiwo Asian. The Mongol Empire pamusoro Genghis Khan, zvakasikwa naye kwenguva pfupi, vakatonga kondinendi Eurasian anopfuura mazana maviri nemakore.

Pashure yakawondomoka akasiya akawanda ehurumende masangano, mumwe iyo - White Horde. Mugore post-Mongol nguva mundima yacho yaiva basa kubatana emadzinza anongofamba uye ndakagara, nokudaro kuisa hwaro ano Kazakh rudzi.

Rate, dzinza, dzidzo mamiriro

Shoko "mhirizhonga" inozivikanwa zvose kubva kuchikoro. Rinobatanidzwa vazhinji zvinoshamisa zvakaitika Russian nhoroondo XIII-XV emakore. Kwenguva refu nguva machinda Russian dzakamanikidzwa kubhadhara mutero kuna khans Yechinwiwa Horde - the Mongol-Tatar State, anopindura mundima huru.

chidimbu ichi Genghis Khan kuti umambo akatambanudza kubva Aral Sea kusvika kuGungwa Black uye Iran kuti Mountains Ural. isu chete kureva dzidzo ruzhinji munyika Turkic marudzi zvinokonzerwa shoko "mhirizhonga". Zvisinei, pane dzimwe kukosha kwayo.

Somuenzaniso, imwe mhirizhonga - kuungana panzvimbo chokuita madzinza anongofamba uye anongofamba pachavo, hondo kana Khan bhidha. Uyezve, mutauro Russian Turkic shoko pakupedzisira akawana mufananidzo ane kunaka tinge. Saka, unorganized revanhu kana zvisina zvaunga kazhinji tinoti mhirizhonga.

Sei Gold?

Muna 1206, vamiririri amarudzi Mongolian akasarudzwa musoro wavo Temujin. Kubvira ipapo, izvozvo akasarudza denga nguva, akasvika pakuzivikanwa se Genghis Khan. Akatevera makore makumi maviri, zita rake ichava kuzunungusa vanhu Asia uye Europe.

Maererano Mongolian tsika, panguva upenyu Genghis Khan akakamura yakakunda nyika pakati pavanakomana vake. The mukuru wavo, Jochi, aiva nhaka makurusa ulus muzinda muna Lower Volga nharaunda.

Gare gare, nharaunda yakazozivikanwa seshanduro Golden Horde. nemiganhu yayo vari ambotaurwa munyaya ino, pakupedzisira akasarudza mushure Western danidziro Batu, mwanakomana Jochi, ashandiswe navo 1236-1242 gg.

Pane zvakawanda hypotheses nezvekwakabva zita Zolotaya Orda. Izvi kunyanya tsika dzekare kuti vana Genghis Khan vainzi "chizvarwa goridhe".

Ukuwo, Ibn Battuta Ages Arabic mufambi yakati kuti matende khans zvemapuranga mahwendefa sirivha-akaafukidza nendarama. Saka, dzidzo pachena chaizvo kuwana zita rake.

Zvisinei, pane pfungwa yechitatu kuti Zolotaya Orda pashure pokuwa Mongol rezvitendero Genghis Khan aiva nechepakati, kureva, "yendarama", kana kuti pakati chinzvimbo.

White, uye Blue

In Ages yaMakoronike East, chaiko kune ushe wevanakomana Jochi, zita idzva: AK Orda uye Kok Orda. Mumakore maviri emakore, vanyori venhau dzakaitika vanoti pamusoro mazwi uye nzvimbo yomugariro miganhu muzvikamu izvi, kamwe akaumba Golden Horde.

To musi, pamwe mukuru kana mudiki mukana zvinganzi nharo kuti muridzi yakaparidzwa na vanakomana vake Jochi Horde-Edzhen uye Sheibani. Chokutanga chaiva Irtysh, Nzizi Seven uye dzine inowanzorimwa pamwe mugomo neeSultan uye Ulutau Kentau. ulus ichi inonzi AK (White) Horde.

Sheibani nhaka Aral steppes, pakati penzizi Yaik, rezasi kunosvika ari Ishe DARYA. zvake vakadaidzwa Kok (Blue) Horde. Kunyange zvakadaro, tinoona kuti nhoroondo mashoko shomanana uye dzinopesana kunowanzokonzerwa zvichishandurwa nemasayendisiti vakomana nenzira.

Naizvozvo, vamwe vaongorori vanodavira kuti Horde ulus Edzhena inonzi Sinyaya Orda, ukuwo White Sheibani anotonga. Imwe nzira kana mumwe, asi vaiva ekupedzisira muna XIV remakore zvakabatanidzwa kunyika yake mukoma. Kubvira mutsva Hurumende inonzi AK Orda, rwaigara anenge nharaunda yose Kazakhstan ano.

Uchapupu venhoroondo Russian

Sezvo chikazozikamwa, romuMiddle Rus akanga pasi kudzokororwa yaingopambwa pedyo Golden Horde. In renhoroondo dzamadzimambo nguva yakaramba kutaura sezvo vachirwisa pachavo, uye pamusoro pedyo States. Zvikurukuru, havana kakawanda vakawana zita Sinyaya Orda.

Panobva kubva vachera pfungwa venhoroondo, kwaiva nyaya vamiriri Russian uyo akashanyira Sarai - guta guru Golden Horde. Kushumwa ruzivo rwavo, kusanganisira kujeka nenzvimbo data, akanyatsokopwa pachinenge mu yaMakoronike.

Chinoshamisawo ndechokuti rokuti White Horde, kusiyana yebhuruu, hauwanikwi mune Ages yaMakoronike. Zvichida nokuti ndima yayo panguva iyoyo bordered pamusoro zvemisoro Russian.

mamiriro Education

History of White Horde yakatanga muna XIII remakore., Kana Jochi Ulus vakakamura pakati pevanakomana vake. Muitiro kune rusununguko muna Edzhena vakwegura uye vazukuru vake yakabuda zvinenge pakarepo.

Pano pachake mutero hurongwa akasikwa, hurumende vanamabharani, dzatangwa mabha- basa, anogamuchira yavamwe nhume, yakagadzirwa mari. Zvisinei, rusununguko izere kubva nechepakati hurumende ulus Edzhena akanga chete pashure pokuwa Golden Horde.

In iri XIV remakore White Horde vakatora yakakura kubva Irtysh kusvika Ishe DARYA uye kubva Tyumen kusvika Karatau. Yaigarwa maererano nemadzinza Turkic vaitaura uye kutombozivikanwa muchiKristu vazukuru eMongolia. The mutauro unonyanya vakava Kypchak-Kazakh. In guru, rakanga Sygnak, akanga Khan kuti mwero uye nehondo vachishandisa.

Zvokukura Political Development

Kazhinji, pane vatatu nguva munhoroondo yacho White Horde. Wokutanga anofukidza makore kubvira 1224 kusvika 1250, kureva, kubva pakutanga kwayo, uye kusvikira panguva dzakadai vatongi vemo yakaramba omurume wacho khans Yechinwiwa Horde.

Chechipiri nguva ndiyo wakarebesa - 1250 uye 1370 makore. Panguva ino, White Horde wakatsvaka vawane rusununguko, vachipindira ari internecine kupesana chehurumende. Pakupedzisira iye akakwanisa pana Urus Khan, kuparadzana zvachose muridzi kwavo Golden Horde.

The yokupedzisira, nguva yechitatu (1370-1410 gg.) Wairatidza kunyura kwezuva mamiriro. Pakupera ari XIV remakore Katya, Mukuru ishe, uye Golden dzaivatsigira Khan Tokhtamysh akatorwa inoverengeka hasha mishandirapamwe pamusoro White Horde.

Kuparadza munyika kukakavara vakashaisa raitonga youmambo, zvichiita kuti kusingadzivisiki pokuwa ehurumende. Mumakore 20 XV remakore ari mundima White Horde yakaumbwa Abulhairskoe Khanate uye Nogai Horde.

Public-administrative nemamiriro White Horde

simba Supreme rehurumende anomirirwa Khan - ari wedzinza Horde Edzhena, muzukuru Genghis Khan. Akavimba hombe runochengeta vepamusoro - vatungamiri vamarudzi uye dzavo. Inotevera pavaipfuura evanhu ndakabatikana ndiwo madzishe, beys, bai, Bahadur nevamwe. Zvavo muArabhu uye akagadzirisa vanhu vanonzi "Karash".

Mundima White Horde yakakamurwa mukati fiefdoms, akatungamirira oglanami. Mumaguta akadai Sauran, Sygnak, Zharkent, Iasy, dzakabudirira rwokugadzira uye kutengeserana. Kunyange zvazvo anongofamba munzvimbo zvigare pamutemo akaramba pakunzi zvaiita pfuma, asi chaizvoizvo ari kwamachinda, muridzi nemombe makuru.

Nyika nomukadzi zvishoma nezvishoma akatanga kudzora nhaka chipo chitupa fomu. Feudals vakawana sechipo kubva khans kunyika sezvo kuziva hakubatsiri, kunyanya uto. Oglala magavhuna akatonga maguta Kukodzera kana administrative maruwa mukutsinhana yevagari uye basa rechiuto. In XIV-XV emakore, chipo nyika yakatanga kuva nhaka.

Mark munhoroondo Kazakhstan

Mongol kukunda inowanzorimwa avanhu aiva zvakwakanakira. Sezvo kuchisanganisira paumbwe imwe centralized ehurumende uye kuchinja, zvakafanana itsva ezvinhu munhoroondo.

Pashure pokuwa rezvitendero Genghis Khan Zolotaya Orda (White Horde, somumwe nhengo dzawo) akabatanidzwa inokosha basa nenzvimbo yacho emadzinza vaigara munharaunda Kazakhstan ano. Kutaura zvazviri, izvi raiva danho rinotevera kurutivi paumbwe Kazakh rudzi.

Uchapupu ichi ndicho kusikwa warwo mamiriro. Nokukurumidza changamire Kazakh Khanate (XV remakore) yakaumbwa pashure pokuwa AK Orda iri munharaunda yayo.