Mabhuku okutanga. Russian akadhindwa bhuku rokutanga. Wokutanga akadhindwa bhuku

Nyaya bhuku iri zvinonakidza chaizvo. Zvakatanga shure kuMesopotamia anenge zviuru zvishanu apfuura. bhuku rokutanga vaiva nezvishoma zvakafanana pamwe ano specimens. Ndivo mahwendefa dope zvakanga rakaiswa zviratidzo ecuneiform Babylonian kushandisa zvimiti anorodzerwa. Vazhinji zvinyorwa izvi zvaiva mudzimba zvakasikwa, asi archeologists vakanga rombo kuwana tsananguro inokosha munhau, ngano, ngano. Madzibaba edu akanyorera ndiro imwe yakadaro zviviri kana katatu, erasing nyore kare yakanyorwa. Mabhuku okutanga muBhabhironi dzakanga dzakawanda, uye dzimwe nguva mazana mapeji dzevhu yepakutanga, akaisa mubhokisi yematanda, akashanda mumazuva ekare ndichisunga.

Kufarira chinhu raibhurari namambo weAsiriya naAshurbhanipari hombe. Yaiva nzvimbo yokuchengetera makumi ezviuru mabhuku uye mashoko sectors siyana. Zvinosuruvarisa kuti achiripo kwete zvose nemamwe zvaishandiswa.

Egyptian utsanzi

Pari zvakaoma chaizvo kuwana mumwe munhu anoziva zvachose pamusoro tsika yeIjipiti yekare. Vazhinji vedu kuti tifunge pakarepo anouya Papyrus - bepa kumumvuri. Iye akura vazhinji pamwe nemahombekombe mukuru Nile. Dzakanzi zvinomera vakabayiwa kupinda rinoparadza, akaomeswa uye glued pamwechete. Pashure manipulations izvi zvose Papyrus nokungwarira ironed matombo kuzvipa kumeso.

Chokwadi, ingi ipapo, hapana aiziva sei zvinyorwa vokutanga vakasikwa vachishandisa muriwo inks. kuti kunyora mhando somutariri mutete rutsanga. VaIjipiti vekare vaiti otomatiki wezvaiitika chinyoreso wokutanga kuvamba. Vavezi akatanga kudira pendi akakandirwa mugomba rutsanga, ichipa chinoramba karwizi ingi kumumvuri.

Zvivanakire, bhuku yenhokwe mumwe mugumo tepi yakanga dzakabatanidzwa rutanda, uye rakanga muchikuvadza mupumburu pacharo. Wood kana dehwe nyaya zvakanga zvakanyatsobatana.

Egypt haasi oga ...

Sezvingatarisirwa, bhuku akasikwa kwete chete munyika vanaFarao. MaIndia Somuenzaniso, mabhuku inounganidzwa kubva yemichindwe mashizha okutanga, ayo zvino vasonanidza zvakarurama uye midzi muna kunyorerana yematanda. Zvinosuruvarisa nokuda vakawanda moto uye dzinongoitika dzoga, rimwe bhuku nguva idzodzo havana kurarama.

VokuEurope vakasiya mukurumbira wavo yematehwe. bepa iri kwakamutsa kumumvuri ane ganda zvikuru kurapwa. The Chinese michina pabepa kunyora Panhivi dzakagadzirwa sengere pemashanga. Maererano neimwe pfungwa (ndiko chete zvishoma riitike), vagari hweKudenga wakasuduruka vatambi vachishandisa nokusunungura mapfundo yakasungirirwa munzira chaiyo. Zvisinei, shanduro iyi ine zvizhinji kutaurwa uchapupu, saka funga zvine musoro, hatigoni asi.

Zvinyorwa Most vanoti bepa muiti - cai Lun - vaigara Japan rinenge gore zana cheshanu BC. Mumakore akatevera emakore mashoma ari aiitwa chakaitwa mapepa, chinhu yakaoma chakavanzika. Nokuti kwayo kuburitsa mungozi kurangwa zvinotyisa.

Ivo chaizvo iyi uye navaArabhu: vamiririri vanhu, pakati vokutanga mireza yavo mapepa mapatani, nowenyika zvikuru ano shanduro. The chikuru zvinhu ukashambidzwa shinda. Kana gluing munhu machira vakawana refu mabhanzi (kusvika makumi mashanu mamita).

Pashure kuitwa chiKristu uye kusikwa ari necheSalvic Language Akanyorwa kuRussia, zvakare, akamboona mabhuku ruoko-akanyorwa kutanga.

Yezwi muchina

It tega chiduku wokudhinda kaviri muna China uye muEurope kuMiddle Ages. Historians achiri asina asvika nekubvirana pasi sei uye rini yakabudiswa kekutanga akadhindwa bhuku. Maererano nedzimwe nemishumo, Chinese ndakasika Funga zvimwe zvokugadzira muchina muna 581 BC. Maererano nemamwe mabhuku, ichi chakaitika pakati 936 fung uye 993 fung gore. Panyaya iyi, kutanga kudhindwa bhuku, zvisikwa musi, iro rakanyorwa, yakabudiswa muna 868. Yaiva chaiyo kopi Diamond Sutra Xylographic Buddha.

The vokuEurope vane michina baba vavo. Izvi Johann Guttenberg. Ndiye muvambi yacho muchina wokudhinda. Uyezve, Guttenberg tega tapureta (chinokosha chiitiko kwakaitika muna 1440). Yokutanga bhuku akadhindwa achiri chaizvo chakafanana noruoko, siyana rinodhindira, zvikuru yakashongedzwa pakavha uye stylized Fonts. Pakutanga rakabudiswa mabhuku dzaidhura chaizvo, nokuti pakusika kwavo kwakanga kwakaita zvakaoma sezvo zvokunyorwa nemaoko.

Yechipiri yezana remakore rechigumi nemashanu aizivikanwa kupararira pakudhinda muEurope. Saka, muna 1465 rayakavambwa Muwekishopu muItaly. Muna 1468, yokutanga rokubudisa imba hwagadzwa muSwitzerland, uye muna 1470 - muFrance. Papera makore matatu - muPoland, Hungary uye Belgium, makore matatu gare gare - muUK uye Czech Republic. kuSweden, uye mumakore mana - - muPortugal zvokudhinda workshop muDenmark neAustria, muna 1483 zvakanzi yakavhurwa muna 1482. In wezvamatongerwe musika kudhinda, uye pamwe pacho makwikwi nevaparidzi ikoko kwemakore makumi maviri.

The yakakurumbira rokudhinda imba panguva zvaiva Aldus Manutius - nomukurumbira humanist kubva Venice. Under ake vanozivikanwa nemabasa dzakabudiswa vanyori makuru akadai Aristotle, Herodotus, Plato, Plutarch, Demosthenes uye Thucydides.

Maererano mutengo mabhuku yakaderera sezvo Kusimudzira nokudhinda. Izvi zvakabatsira kuti vakawanda kuparadzira mapepa.

Wokutanga bhuku rokuverenga

David risingakundiki - yemasvomhu VI remakore - kokutanga raiva Tutorial umo svomhu mitemo uye Masvomhu zvakanyorwa. Pari, pane rakasiyana bhuku iri Matenadaran (panodonedzerwa zvekare muna Yerevan).

The kwaita birchbark magwaro

bhuku rokutanga muRussia aiva waakaita Birch pepa. Saka muna XI-XV emakore, madzitateguru edu akanga kupanana ruzivo mune zvokunyora. Vanochera kutanga rombo zvokuti kuona Birch omuti muna 1951 muna Novgorod. AV Artsiholovsky vakananga kuti vakakurumbira matongo rwendo.

Tsamba ndikamumara pamusoro nemakwati, uchishandisa rakapinza simbi kana pfupa seinä (pisalom). Most akawana birchbark magwaro zviri private tsamba. Mutsamba idzi vanhu sei zvoupfumi uye mudzimba nyaya, mirayiridzo, anotsanangura kunetsana. Vamwe vavo ane chinosetsa mumagwaro murimi mudiki achitsutsumwa pamusoro Kudzora feudal, ndandanda mabasa, mashoko kubva zvematongerwo enyika, kuda.

Kubva 1951 kusvika 1981, gore rakanga vakawana tsamba vanenge mazana matanhatu (kupfuura - mu Novgorod, multiple zviitiko - muna Vitebsk, Smolensk, muPskov uye Staraya Russa).

Anoshanda ne panguva Artists

zvinyorwa vanoda "versification" iri Novosibirsk Institute of History. Akanga mumaoko matongo Natalia Zolnikova. Hwaro zvinyorwa vakava silky nemakwati yakanaka chaizvo hunoshamisa. Zvisinei, ichi hachisi kwebhokisi wekare, uye basa ano. Book akasika vagere Old Vakatendeka kugarwa, riri pamusoro Lower Yenisei. Zvakaratidza kuti pamazuva edu nemakwati rinoshandiswawo semapepa.

Chinyorwa muRussia

bhuku rokutanga The Russian, achibva chinyoreso of Slavs yekare, akanzi "Glagolitic Kiev mapepa." Zvinonzi nharo kuti akasikwa anenge chiuru adarika. Mukuru akawana Russian manyoro bhuku - "Ostrom Gospel" - Mikoko kudzokera regumi remakore.

VeMubatanidzwa zvokudhinda zvitoro

mabhuku okutanga akadhindwa akatanga kuonekwa muRussia pashure 1522 yaiva gore rino wakatanga kushanda imba imwe okudhindira, iri Vilnius. The initiator kwayo chakawanikwa Frantsisk Skorina - the kunozivikanwa Belarusian enlightener. Vasati kuti, akanga atova Zvakaitika Typography: akabudisa "Mapisarema" wechitanhatu muna August 1517. Yakanga muPrague, apo panguva iyoyo mutungamiri mukuru akararama.

The Russian akadhindwa bhuku rokutanga

Yokutanga dating edition, rakabudiswa muna Russia, anonzi "MuApostora." Bhuku rino chechi, rakabudiswa muna guru muna 1564. musiki Its - Ivan Fedorov. Mukuwedzera, muitiro vanobatanidzwa Peter Mstislavets (paaiva mudzidzi Fedorov). Zviri vanhu ava nokusingaperi munhau soMusiki wokutanga Russian akadhindwa bhuku. Yakasiyana shanduro kwaisanganisira 268 machira kuyera 21h14 masendimita Circulation panguva Raishamisa ane -. A shoma copies zviuru zviviri. Pari akawana 61 bhuku.

kuverenga rokutanga bhuku - chii chaiva?

bhuku rokutanga Russian akadhindwa, nemhaka iyo madzitateguru edu nyanzvi kuverenga uye kunyora, zvakare, akasunungurwa tenzi Ivanom Fedorovym. Zvino makore anopfuura mana apfuura. Yaiva dzinokosha nemitemo yomutauro, uyewo anorayiridza aphorisms, ouchenjeri uye nedzidziso.

The kwaita lähikuva

Bhuku izvo zvakanga zvichiita kuti ruzivo, vaiva vazhinji airemekedzwa kuRussia. Izvi, chokwadi, yaisanganisira, uye primers. Vaiva Vapepeti Moscow rokudhinda dare. bhuku vana rokutanga yakabudiswa muna 1634. zita rayo - "mutauro Primer kwechiSlavonic, kureva kutanga detem dzidziso hotyashe anodzidzisa kuverenga Rugwaro." Munyori basa - Basil Burtsev-Protopopov.

Creation yokutanga Russian mifananidzo lähikuva vaiita Carion Istomin - Monk, mudzidzisi uye nyanduri. Akaita zvavaigona: tsamba neimwe Akaperekedzwa mufananidzo yacho, achitanga tsamba iyi. Bhuku kunotibatsira kudzidza Polish, Latin uye arufabheti nechiGiriki, uye pakanga anongoda hapana magwaro pamusoro madingindira mairi dzechitendero. The utsva ndechokuti bhuku iri akaronga kuti vana aroorane ( "varanda" uye "musikana").

The kwaita bookplates

Yokutanga Russian akadhindwa bhuku aine chiratidzo chinokosha zvichiratidza nhengo imwe raibhurari, vakaona chiedza regumi namasere remakore. Panguva iyoyo, chikuru bhuku akaunganidzwa anozvikudza shamwari Peter Mukuru, kusanganisira Bruce J. uye D. Golitsyn. All akadhindwa akaunganidzwa yavo yakashongedzwa miniatures Stamp uye Fonts magadzirirwo.

mikana Mini

Zita rokutanga bhuku akadhindwa kadikidiki 6,5 ne 7.5 masendimita - "The unyanzvi yokuva anosetsa pakukurukurirana." kopi Unique yakabudiswa muna 1788. Muna 1885 Krylov ngano munyori dzakabudiswa mubhuku kukura mureza chitambi chetsamba. Kugadza anodhinda yakaisvonaka pasi zita Diamond akasarudzwa. Unoziva chii zita wokutanga bhuku yakadhindwa ose maduku saizi, rakabudiswa muna Soviet Union? Raiva Constitution of RSFSR. Rakabudiswa muna 1921 muna Kineshma. Book Kukura - matatu nehafu kusvika masendimita mashanu.

Pari zvino pane mabhuku maduku inopfuura zana. Chikuru muunganidzwa - anoshanda ne Pushkin - nayo mabhuku mashanu. Ndizvo Nhoroondo iri ndima vhoriyamu saka bhuku 0,064 cubic metres. mm. musiki Its - pevairwara Artist M. Maslyuk kubva Zhmerinka (Vinnitsa mudunhu, Ukraine.).

hofori specimens

The guru bhuku rekare iri rechinyorwa mu Armenian yakanzi "Sermons Mushskogo wemamongi." It akasika mumakore maviri apfuura - kubva 1200 kusvikira 1202-ndipo. Book uremu ndiyo-nomwe maviri nehafu makirogiramu. Size kuri hunoshamisa - 55,5 kuti 70,5 masendimita rakasiyana Somuenzaniso inoumbwa matanhatu maviri machira, chimwe nechimwe kwabva mwedzi mumwe mutana mhuru ganda .. Muna 1204 zvinyorwa yakabiwa pedyo Seljuks. vanopfuura zviuru zvina madhariki vave yaunganidzwa kusunungurwa vagari vazhinji misha Armenian (ona: mumwe madrakema yakaenzana 4,65 g sirivha). Kupfuura nomwe emakore, zvinyorwa zvakanga wemamongi mutaundi Mush, muWestern Armenia. Muna 1915 iye akatamira kune rakatenderera Matenadaran muna Yerevan. Zvakaitika nokuda Turkish kuponda, nokuti izvo Chinyorwa basa rakasiyana mugumisiro raigona nyore kuparadzwa.

ibwe Bible

Book iri kujairika waivako kunogona kuonekwa pakashanya kuHurumende Museum of Art, iri Georgia. Pane imwe nguva ari tenzi yakavezwa mifananidzo makumi maviri kubva New uye Old Testaments kuti Slabs amabwe. Ndicho chete Somuenzaniso. The kwebhokisi rakawanikwa Abkhazian YOMUMAKOMO musha Tsebelda.

Current chinzvimbo

Mune nineties remakore rechimakumi maviri mubhuku chaizvoizvo vakachengeta vakagwinya kushanduka. Izvi zvakanga zvakafanira kuitika Russian magariro, zvematongerwo enyika uye zvoupfumi kuchinja. Saka, kubudiswa indasitiri aiva mumwe matavi okutanga, iro rakatanga yezwi pamusika upfumi. Bhuku rave aionekwa chinhu entrepreneurial basa. Ndicho chikonzero kwaikosha saka mutemo wehurumende protectionism mumunda tsika uye bhuku basa sezvo iri constituent.

Kuma1990, Bhuku nokuparadzirwa mabhuku aiva nemabhizimisi. The tsananguro iri nyore: nyika yakanga kuona kusachengeteka kukuru kwezvokudya nhumbi dzakadaro. Zvisinei, izvi hazvina kutora nguva refu. Pashure pemakore anenge mashanu, kumisika nomuti. Buyers akatanga kusarudza mabhuku nokungwarira kukuru. Sezvo makwikwi akava kuramba rinokosha kuridza maitiro akadai chigadzirwa unhu uye mukurumbira vanogadzira Distributors. The wainyatsotaura nguva kunoratidzwa kukura mugove rakashandurwa madunhurirwa. Saka, muna 1993 vatorwa vanyori ebhuku iri kusvika makumi mashanu kubva muzana zvose kutsikisa zvigadzirwa.

Nhasi kune inconstancy vaverengi 'zvido. Kana muSoviet nguva, mabasa mumwe munyori akanga akakurumbira kwenguva refu, yava mazita yakanakisisa-vanowatengesa anochinja panguva breakneck nokukurumidza. Izvi zvakabatsira yatumbuka kuti zvizere ruva kusiyana siyana, zvido uye zvavanosarudza vemunyika.