Mararamiro ekare of East yekare. The Budiriro of Ancient East rokutanga

Nhoroondo yeNyika Yekare yakagara ichikwezva kufarira kwete chete pakati pevatsvakurudzi vezvesayenzi, asiwo pakati pevanhu vanogara. Izvi hazvina chokwadi zvachose, sezvo zvakavanzika zvakachengetwa mukati memakore mazana ezviuru zvisati zvingonyengedza kufunga kwedu, asi zvinokwanisa kupa mhinduro dzemibvunzo yakawanda inotambudza uye yevanhu vemazuva ano.

Nyanzvi dzezvematongerwo enyika uye masayendisiti ezvematongerwo enyika achiri kuongorora hurumende yehurumende yeumambo hwePezhia, iyo yakatora nguva yakareba kupfuura yeRoma. Asi yakare civilizations yeAkare East ndiyo mibvunzo yakawanda kwazvo. Kana tichiziva zvakaenzana pamusoro pemadziteteguru edu, zvino kubva kune dzimwe nyika dzemazuva iwayo pane-pazvakanaka-zvinongotaura zvisinganzwisisiki pamapeji emabasa evanyori vezvakaitika kare.

Zvisinei, nhasi isu tichataura pamusoro pemitemo iyo inogona kusiya tsanangudzo yakawanda yakakwana munhau. Ndezvipi zvinoitika zvekubudirira kweAkare East, iyo iyo iyo yakatanga kubuda yehurongwa hwehurumende yakagoneka?

Zvinotarisirwa kuti kuve kwekutanga kwehurongwa hwehurumende

Inenge kubva muzana remakore rechi11 BC maitiro makuru ekutanga enyika anotanga kuonekwa. Mumazuva iwayo, vakaonekwa chete mushure mokukunda vamwe vanhu nevamwe. Vatongi vekutanga vanoti vaimbova varwi vane ruzivo, asi vakawandisa vezvematongerwo enyika. Chido chavo chikuru chaive kukura kwekuwedzera, uye vaifanira kuchengeta miganhu yakakundwa chete nechisimba. Nenzira yakawanda, maitiro evanhu vekare vekuMabvazuva (vazhinji vavo, chero ipi zvayo) zvinoratidza pachena kuvimba kwekuvandudzwa kwenyika yezvematongerwo enyika kubudirira kwekutora hondo dzekukunda.

Kana kupinda kwacho kuchibudirira, ipapo mumaoko evanokunda vakazova zviuru zvevaranda uye masango makuru, avo vaigara pakarepo vakaputirwa nemutero usingabvumirwi. Kuwedzera mari yakawanda yakabvumira madzimambo kuchengetedza vanyori, masayendisiti uye vanhu vane unyanzvi, vanoziva avo vatinoziva chimwe chinhu nezvemazuva iwayo akaoma. Zvishoma nezvishoma vatongi vakavandudza maitiro ehurumende yenyika, vakadzidza nezvekudiwa kwekuvaka dzimba huru.

Vakakunda vanhu, vachigara mukati mehumwe humwe hurumende, vakazikanirana zvakanaka, nyika itsva dzakabuda. Nenzira yakawanda, kana tikasarura zvinhu zvinokosha zvekubudirira kweAkare East, hazvigone kukanganwa kuti vazhinji vanoita, vanozivikanwa nokuda kwezvinangwa zvavo zvekukunda, havana kuda kuparadza tsika, kunyora uye mutauro wevanhu vakakundwa.

Iyi ndiyo nzira yekuti mararamiro eEast East akasiyana. Tafura inopa pfungwa yakajeka yeizvi.

Zvinhu zvakakosha zvikuru zviitiko zvekubuda kwematunhu ekare

Zvinhu zviviri zvinokosha zvakakonzera kuonekwa kwemasimba makuru chaizvo. Chokutanga, madzinza akauya kubva kuMuodzanyemba, uyo akaunza mabhiza akatengeswa navo. Izvi zvakashanda sechinhu chaicho chinogadzirisa hondo: kubva ikozvino, mauto akashongedzeka zvakakwana anogona kukurumidza kufamba mumharaunda yakareba. Kwakanga kune ngoro dzine simba, izvo zvakatanga kuvhundusa vavengi. Nokudaro, kusimbiswa kwemasvingo eEast East kwaive kunoshamisa.

Pakupedzisira, vanhu vakadzidza kunyungudisa simbi yehutano hwakanaka: simbi yekurima yekurima yakabvumira ivhu rakawanda nekurima nekukura kwezvokudya, zvombo zvesimbi zvaive zvakasimba kwazvo, uye minondo nyore nyore yakagadzirwa zvendarira nemasara. Chimiro chemazuva ekare eEast hachina kumira kana: pane zvakawanda zvitsva zvekugadzira, zvinyorwa uye hurongwa hwehurumende hwaikura.

Migumisiro yekubuda kweMambo Emakore makuru ekutanga yakanga yakanyatsonaka. Zvechokwadi, nzira yekuumbwa kwavo yaiperekedzwa nechisimba chisina kumboitika chekuita zvechisimba, asi panguva imwechete chaiva kubuda kwavo kwakabatsira pakukurumidza kukura kwesayenzi uye nharaunda. Saka chii chakanga chisiri zvekare mararamiro eEast East?

VaHiti

Zvinotendwa kuti umambo hwekutanga hwakagadzirwa neHiti. Vanhu ava havanzwisisiki, sezvo nguva yakawanda yakapfuura kubvira ipapo, uye naizvozvo zvinyorwa zvinovimbika hazvisipo. Iyo inozivikanwa kuti yaiva yeIndo-European ethnos, uye kuAsia Minor yakabva kune imwe nzvimbo kuchamhembe. Kutaura zvazviri, pakutanga vaHiti vakagadzira dzimwe nyika kamwe chete, asi kare muzana remakore rechi18 BC vakabatana mune imwe. Zvisinei, inenge dzose dzakabudirira zveEkare East uye Antiquity dzakapfuura nenzira yakadaro yekufambira mberi.

Guta guru rehurumende yevaHiti rakanga riri muguta reHattusa. Kufanana nevanhu vazhinji vekare, vaibatanidzwa chete mukudyara kwemombe nekurima. Kunyange zvakadaro, ivo vainyatsoziva bhizimisi rekushanda zvakanaka. Zvakanaka kwazvo kuti pakati pevanyori vezvakaitika kare vanhu ava vanoonekwa sevapiyona wehutoriki hwehuni smelting.

Chii chikoro chechikoro pamusoro pekubudirira uku kweEast East kutaura? Gumi regumi pachikoro chimwe nechimwe rinoziva kuti vaHiti vakakwanisa kuvaka hutano hwakanaka uye hukama hwemitambo pakati pemarudzi ose akakundwa.

Kukunda kwevaHiti

VaHiti vakanga vane ruzivo uye varwi vakashinga: vatova muzana remakore reChishanu BC vakanyatsopinda nechokumaodzanyemba kweSiria. Muna 1595 BC, pasi pekutsvaira kwavo, Bhabhironi rinoshamisa rakawira. Pamwe nevaPersia, vaHiti vaigara vachisiyana pakuti havana kunyanya kudzvinyirira vanhu vakakundwa. Sezvo mutemo, ivo havana kutokumbira kubvumirwa kwemapurogiramu avo, vachida kuchengetedza simba remadzimambo akakodzera (kana vakazadzikisa kuti vazadzisa zvimwe zvezvavanoda). Yokutanga kupikisa kubudirira kuvaHiti kwakapiwa nevaEgipita.

Hondo pakati pavo yakagara kwenguva refu, sezvo pasina munhu aigona kubudirira kubudirira. Prudence yakakunda, uye rugare rwakazoguma pakati pemarudzi. VaHiti vakatanga kugamuchira chingwa chiduku kubva kuzvikwata zveEgipita, asi vaIjipita ivo vakafara zvikuru nehuwandu hwematoro. Muzvakawanda, inenge yose mhirizhonga yeAkare East uye Antiquity yaiva nehupfumi hwehupfumi, hwetsika uye hwezvematongerwo enyika.

Kuparadzwa kwekubudirira kwevaHiti

Vanyori vezvakaitika kare vanotenda kuti vaAsiriya vakamanikidza vaHiti kuti vave nerudo rwekuda. Panguva iyoyo, simba ravo rakanyanya kuwedzera, uye nokukurumidza vanhu vanoita zvechisimba vakasvika kumiganhu yeHiti. Zvechokwadi, iyo yekupedzisira yakanga isina kukwezvawo kune tarisiro yehondo kune zvigaro zviviri. Zvisinei, izvi hazvina kuchengetedza kufa kwevaHiti. Vanyori vezvakaitika kare pasi pose vachiri kukakavadzana pamusoro pekuti izvi zvakasikwa sei zveAkare East zvakafa. Ijipiti haina chokuita neiri, sezvo nevaharahara vevanhu vanopikisa apo paive norugare.

Zvingangodaro, izvi zvakaitika pasina kupindira kwe "vanhu vegungwa". Zvichida, mauto evanhu ava vaisingazivi vakakwanisa kusvika kuHattusa ndokuparadza guta racho. Zvakaitika, muEgypt ivo vakasanganawo nekupinda kwavo, asi Ramesses III akakwanisa kukunda kukunda kukuru kwavari, mushure mokunge simba rekurova kwe "mariners" rakaderera zvikuru. Paivapo here mararamiro ekare eEast East?

Asiria neUrtutu

Kutanga kutaurwa pamusoro apa vaAsiria vaigara munyika shomanana. Guta ravo raiva guta reAshuri, riri parwizi Tigirisi. Vakasarudza zvinhu zvose zvakafanana izvo zvairemekedzwa nevaHiti, asi kunyanya kubudirira mune zvematongerwo enyika. Sezvo zvisingaoneki, rudzi urwu haruna kunyanya kurwisana pakutanga, uye naizvozvo, munguva yose yekuvapo kwehurumende yavo, vavakidzani varo vaigara vachitorwa nevavakidzani.

Asi ikozvino muzana remakore rechiXIV BC, vaAsiriya vakakwanisa kubata Bhabhironi rekushivirira, uye muzana remakore rechigumi nematanhatu ivo pachavo vakarohwa zvakanyanya nemadzinza akasiyana-siyana, kubva ipapo zvisikwa zvose zvekare zvakatambura. Vaya vekuMabvazuva kwekare vairamba vachiiswa pasi pavo.

Panguva imwecheteyo, pamahombekombe eLake Van (muTranscaucasia) paigara vanhu vaisingazivikanwi, izvo vaAsiria ivo pachavo vakadana vaUriartians. Muzana remakore gumi nemaviri BC, mazhinji emadzinza avo akasiyana akabatana, achipa simba rakasimba reUrtutu. VaAsiriya "vakabatsira" vavakidzani vavo, nokuti kurwisana kwavo nguva dzose kwakamanikidza kunyange makanga akaoma mwoyo emunharaunda kuti vaone kukosha kwekubatana. Mambakwedza evanhu veUrtutu inenge yezana remakore rechina BC. Ipapo avo vekare vakamanikidzwa pachavo vanogona kutungamirira hondo yekukunda nevadzvinyiriri vavo.

Ukama neUrtutu

Munguva iyi madzimambo eAsiriya akatambudzwa zvakare kubva kuUrtutu akakundwa. Kukundikana kwehondo hakuna kuita kuti kuwedzerwa simba ravo pakati pevanhu, uye saka kazhinji kupesana kwakapera uye nharo dzakaratidzwa muvakuru vechiuto. Munenge muna 750 BC, mambo akangwara uye ane utsinye Tiglathpalasar III akauya kuzotonga, akabva atanga kusimbisa hondo.

Akagadzirisa zvachose mauto ake, achivapa nhumbi dzokutanga dzesimbi, uye akaita hondo dzinotyisa dzidziso yehupfumi hwehurumende. Iye nevagari venhaka vake vakakwanisa kuwedzera kuumambo hweAsiriya nhamba yakawanda yenyika itsva, iyo yaimbova nemamwe mararamiro enyika yekare. Ikare yeEast yakawana tsika itsva.

Makore 40 chete mushure mokuvandudzwa, vaAsiria vakakwanisa kupwanya Urartu. Mukuwedzera, vakakunda vanhu vazhinji vePalestine neSiriya, vakatora chikamu chikuru cheEgypt neBhabhironi. Kwenguva yekutanga munhau, hupfumi iyi yakashandisa zvakanyanya nzira yekudzosera kumanikidzirwa. Vakatsvaka kuisa vanhu vakakundwa, kuvasunungura uye kuvamanikidza kuti varambe kutenda kwavo uye mutauro wavo.

Kusiyana nevaHiti nevaPersia, vakanga vasina mukurumbira nokuda kwokuderera kwavo kwevakakunda. Saka, ndiyo madzimambo eAsiriya anonzi vanogadzirisa vazhinji vezvinhu zvinoshamisa uye nzira dzekukuvadza zvakanyanya. Zvisinei, izvi hazvina kuvadzivirira kubva kumhirizhonga dzese uye kumutswa. Asi mumwe munhu haafaniri kuzviona sevanhu vanonyanya kuzivikanwa: semarudzi ose makuru eEast East, vanhu ava vakadyarawo "zvinonzwisisika, zvakanaka uye zvisingaperi."

Zviitiko zvevaAsiria

Pfuma inoshamisa, yakawanikwa nenzira yezvakapambwa zvehondo uye mutero, yakabvumira vaAsiriya kuti vauye kumatare avo vazhinji veasayendisiti vakakurumbira, vanyori nevazivi venguva yavo. Ndiko kune vanhu ava kuti tine ruzivo pamusoro pemabhuku evaSumerian nevaBhabhironi vaishandurwa navo. Nokudaro, magwaro eMesopotamiya, ayo anodzidziswa kusvikira nhasi, akachengetedzwa uye akawedzererwa nevadzidzisi veAsiriya.

MuNinevhe, guta idzva reumambo, iro rakagadziriswa rakaunganidza mabhuku ane mahwendefa evhu ane zveruzivo yose yekuti mararamiro eEast East akakwanisa kuunganidza akaunganidza panguva iyoyo. Kuti uzviise muchidimbu, chaiva chekuchengetedza chaihwo kweuchenjeri, iyo nyanzvi dzinobva kumativi akasiyana eEkare Yenyika yakauya kuzobata.

Asi nguva yehurumende yavo yakanga yatotumbuka: ikozvino muzana remakore rechinomwe BC, vavengi vakatanga kumanikidzira vaAsiria kubva kumativi ose. Mukurwisana nemamiriro ezvinhu aya, kupesana kuri kukura mukati mekutonga kunoita basa rakaoma. Muna 626, simba reNinevhe rakarambwa naGavhuna weBhabhironi, achizviti iye mambo. Ndiye uyo akapedzisa mimwe mikangano yehondo pamwe nevamwe vanhu veIrish (kunyanya nehurumende yeMedia). Nechisungo chakabatana, vakanyatsotya Asiriya kubva pachiso chenyika, uye vekupedzisira emauto ake vakaparadzwa muna 609 BC.

Persia

Mushure mokuwa kwevavengi vavo vakaipa, vaAsiriya, pakukwira kwaiva maMedhia neNew Babylononian kingdom. Uye iyo yekupedzisira yakavakwa neVaKadheya Nabopalasar, avo panguva imwe vakaronga kurwisa kushingaira kune vanokunda. Mwanakomana wake, Nebhukadhinezari II, akakwanisa kukunda kwete zvasara zveAsiria, asi Palestine neSiriya. Pamwe chete naye, Bhabhironi rakasvika kune rimwe zuva rinoshamisa uye simba. Kunyange imwe yeWonders of the World, Hanging Gardens, iyo maGiriki ekare akanganisa kutaurirwa neEkazikadzi weSimiramis, yakasikwa zvakananga nevanjiniya vake.

Panguva iyoyo arias aigara munharaunda yeIran. Hazvishamisi kuti nyika idzodzo dzakadanwa nevanhu vepanguva yavo "Nyika yeAryans", iyo iyo panguva yakawanda yakabatana nemadzinza evanhu vakadzingwa veIndo-Europe (asi zvisinei, zvizvarwa zvekare zveMiddle East zvine ropa ravo). Nokufamba kwenguva, marudzi mazhinji matsva emarudzi akaumbwa munharaunda yeIran, nevaPerisia vachiva vane simba. Pamwechete, vaive chikamu cheumambo hweMedhia, asi chaizvoizvo vaitonga.

Uyu mukurumbira wokuPersia mambo Koreshi I wakangotanga nekuti akaramba simba reMambo weMedhia, achizivisa vanhu vake vega. Nokudaro umambo hwePezhiya hwakaberekwa. Vanhu ava vakakurumidza kukura, uye munguva pfupi hondo yavo yakasvika kuIndia, uye yakabatawo murefu weSiria nePalestina. Asi chikuru "kutenga" kwevaPersia kwaiva umambo hweRidhiya, huchiri huzivikanwa nekuda kwekuti yaiva mumigodhi yayo iyo inenge 70% yegoridhe rose yakavhara muNyika Yakare kare kusati kwawanikwa kuAmerica kwakadhindwa. Zvichinyatsojeka, mararamiro okutanga eEast East akatanga kupa vanhu vose nezvipo zvokubhadhara kwemazana emakore akawanda mberi.

Mukuwedzera, vaPersia nokukurumidza vakapika vavengi vevaGiriki, sezvavakatora zvese nyika dzose dzakakonzerwa. Pakupedzisira, muna 539 BC mauto avo akamirira kutendeuka kwaro kubata Bhabhironi.

Koreshi Mukuru akaurayiwa munguva yechipikicha chinotevera kuCentral Asia. Mwanakomana wekukunda, Cambyses, akakwanisa kukurira Ijipiti. Pamusoro pekubudirira, tsar ingadai isina kumbomira, asi muhurumende kushungurudzika kwakangoerekana kwabuda ndokufa. Zvisinei, Dhariusi I, uyo akauya kuzva nesimba, haana kupa mhirizhonga mukati kuti aparadze nyika. Akaranga zvakanyanya vatadzi vose, akapedza basa raKoreshi muCentral Asia, uye hondo yePersia zvakare yakakunda chikamu cheIndia. Kukundikana kwakawira mambo bedzi mune zvevaSitiya, uye mureza muGreece, akanga asina kubudirira zvikuru.

Zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvekubudirira uku

Umambo hwePezhiya hwakava nyika yenyika yekutanga hukuru hwehukuru hwakakura. Kuramba kwenyika kwakagadziriswa kuburikidza nekuparadzaniswa kwayo munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, masangano, rimwe nerimwe raitongwa nehurumende akatendeka (uye kazhinji nemadzimambo enyika dzakakundwa). Kwenguva yekutanga munhau, mahofisi ehurumende ehurumende ainge akarongeka, kushandiswa kwemari yechipatimendi kwakaitwa nechinangwa chekugadziriswa kwepamusoro.

Uyezve, ndeye nevaPezhiya zvishoma nezvishoma akaumba pfungwa isina zvakarurama dzakabudirira migwagwa haringavi nyika simba. Vanhu ava chete haana aizivikanwa chokuti kunyange kure kumucheto nerimwe satrapy wakaradzikwa yakanaka nzira riitike. Saka, kunyange tsanangudzo anofungidzirwa yekare dzomunyika East kunoratidza kuti vari zvikuru yakatanga.

The nevaPezhiya ikozvino raisafanira kukanganwa mabasa uye nedhimoni kubudikidza nemanomano nevaGiriki. Kutaura zvazviri, tsika dzavo anenge hapana muduku Hellenistic uye Roman, uye dzakapfuura ipapa. Nokudaro, ekare ari East yekare makatipa zvakawanda kupfuura unowanzoonekwa akafunga: ezvinhu utungamiriri, kukosha chokufambisa migwagwa, iyo muunganidzwa rokutanga mitemo akateya nezvimwewo, izvo vakawanda funga nevamwe zviri munyika yanhasi.