Varanda - ndiani zvakadai? The pamutemo varanda muRoma yekare uye neIjipiti

Munhoroondo yevanhu yakawanda kacho vakanga vakaudza apo mune rusarura vamwe Mapato vanhu kushandisa mutemo, equating navo pfuma. Somuenzaniso, zvinozivikanwa kuti yakadaro simba ezvinhu sezvo Ancient Egypt uye hweRoma dzakavakwa pamusoro muuranda dzemitemo.

Ndiani Muranda

Kwezviuru zvemakore zvakanakisisa pfungwa kwevanhu, pasinei norudzi rwavo uye chitendero wakarwira rusununguko mumwe nomumwe nekumirira kuti vanhu vose vanofanira kuva vakaenzana kodzero dzavo pamberi mutemo. Zvinosuwisa, zvakatora anopfuura chiuru makore asati zvinoda izvi zvinoratidzwa mutemo munyika dzakawanda munyika, uye asati, zvizvarwa zvakawanda vanhu atambura zvazvinoreva kuti kwaenzaniswa zvinhu zvisina upenyu uye kunyimwa mukana dzokurasa hwavo. Mubvunzo: "Ndiani muranda?" Unogona kupindura achitaura Universal Declaration of Human Rights of UN. Zvikurukuru, inoti kuti tsanangudzo kudaro zvakakodzera chero munhu asingagoni pachavo kuti kurega basa. Uyezve, shoko "muranda" Anonziwo mumwe munhu, izvo vaiva nechimwe munhu.

sei uranda semurwi chaiyo

Sezvo chinoshamisa sezvo zvinganzwika, asi kare vanodavira kuti precondition nokuda uranda kwevanhu kwakanga kukura kwemichina. Chokwadi ndechokuti pamberi munhu aigona kuumba wokubata kwavo nhamba mishonga kupfuura zvaaifanira roga kuti tirarame, uranda hwakanga zvemari dzisingashandi, saka vaya vakasungwa, vakanga nyore vakapondwa. Zvinhu zvakachinja apo kurima akatonyanya Mari-vanobudirira anoonga chidzoke zvekushandisa matsva. The kutaurwa kuvapo rinoti apo muranda wechibharo raishandiswa wokutanga, kureva kutanga III chemakore. BC. e. Vaongorori cherechedza kuti ichi chinhu umambo duku Mesopotamia. Zvakawanda inotaura wevaranda zvinowanikwa muTesitamende yekare. Zvikurukuru, izvozvo kutaura zvikonzero zvinoverengeka nei vanhu vari Kuenda yakaderera Samanai pamusoro chinzvimbo chakakwirira. Saka, maererano Book yemabhuku, varanda - hazvisi chete vasungwa, asiwo vaya vanozviwana kubhadhara chikwereti, akaroorwa muranda, kana mbavha, vakanga vasingakwanisi kupora chakabiwa kana aripire zvaparadzwa. Uyezve, kuunganidza mamiriro munhu kwaireva kuti vazukuru vake vari anenge vasina chepamutemo mukana kuva wakasununguka.

varanda muIjipiti

To musi, vanyori venhau havasati kuswedera nekubvirana pamusoro mamiriro vanhu "vakasununguka" muumambo kare kutongwa vanafarao. Chero zvazvingava, zvinozivikanwa kuti varanda muIjipiti vaionekwa chikamu munharaunda, uye vakanga zvakaipa zvikuru humanely. Kunyanya yakawanda vanhu kwakanga rechibharo munguva Umambo New, kana kunyange munhuwo vakasununguka vaEgipita vaigona kuva vashumiri vaiva vavo nokusarurama tenzi. Zvisinei, sezvo mutemo, havana kushandiswa vaburitsi zvokurima uye akabvumira kuti pave nemhuri. With Panyaya yaitonga vaGiriki, varanda muIjipiti paitonga Ptolemy aigara sezvinoitwa vamwe vanorwara mune dzimwe nyika, izvo akaumbwa pashure pokuwa hwacho Aleksandra Makedonskogo. Saka, tinogona kutaura kuti pamusoro IV remakore BC upfumi ndiyo nyika iri kuchamhembe kondinendi African simba zvikuru, yakanga yakavakirwa pagadzirwe zvokurima zvigadzirwa vakasununguka vanhuwo zvavo.

Varanda Ancient Greece

Modern European budiriro, uye pamberi weRoma yekare vakasimuka pahwaro Greek yekare. Uye iye, akavapindurawo, nokubudirira ake ose, kusanganisira tsika, aifanira kuti mushandire kwadzinoita kugadzirwa. Sezvambotaurwa, mamiriro akasununguka murume munyika yekare kazhinji vakarasika somugumisiro wacho kubatwa. Uye sezvo rechiGiriki guta-inoti nguva akarwa mumwe, nhamba varanda akawedzera. Uyezve, chinzvimbo ichi vanotumirwa kune sauka chikwereti uye metekam - navatorwa vakanga vakavanda kubva mitero kusvika hurumende muchivigiro. Pakati mabasa kuti kazhinji basa varanda muGirisi yekare, tinogona kusiyanisa rokuchenesa, uyewo basa mumigodhi, muna Navy (vakwasvi) uye kunyange hondo. Sezvineiwo, mukupera nyaya, mauto avo aratidza ushingi, akasunungura kupinda dzesango, uye avo varidzi ndanyarara hangu kurasikirwa chokuita kurasikirwa muranda, tichiregeredza ehurumende. Saka, kunyange vaya vakaberekwa kwete kusununguka, mukana kushandura mamiriro avo.

varanda Roman

Sezvinoratidzwa vakapona enhoroondo magwaro, muGirisi yekare, ruzhinji rwevanhu kunyimwa kodzero dzavo dzokurasa hwavo, vakanga vaGiriki. Zvakasiyana zvakaitika muRoma yekare. Handiti umambo uhwu iri nguva nenguva hondo nevavakidzani vayo vazhinji, ndokusaka varanda yeRoma - zviri kunyanya vatorwa. Vazhinji vavo vakaberekwa vakasununguka, uye kazhinji akaedza kutiza ndokudzokera kumusha. Uyewo, maererano gumi Tables, zviri ufuza zvachose kunzwisisa murume ano, baba aigona kutengesa vana vavo muuranda. Sezvineiwo, zvapedzisira urongwa aripo chete kusvikira kuitwa mutemo ndedzechokwadi iyo varanda mutemo yeRoma - unova chinhu asi Romans. Mune mamwe mazwi, munhu akasununguka murume, ane plebeian uye kunyange zvakawanda patrician chero zvazvingava vaisagona kuva nhapwa. Panguva iyoyowo, kwete vanhu vose vari muchikwata ichi hazvina kuvafambira zvakanaka. Somuenzaniso, mune imwe asi neropafadzo nzvimbo vaiva varanda mhuri, vari kazhinji panoonekwa varidzi dzemhuri. Mukuwedzera, vaigona kunge vakasununguka nokuda Mr zvinosiyiwa kana kuti mabasa kuti mhuri yake.

The yakakurumbira muranda chimurenga Roman

Kuda rusununguko anogara munhu wese. Saka, kunyange zvazvo varidzi vaifunga kuti varanda vavo - ndiwo muchinjikwa pakati zvisina upenyu maturusi uye kurongedza mhuka, kazhinji vakasimuka mukupanduka. Izvi nyaya vakawanda kusateerera kazhinji zvoutsinye woutsinye nezviremera. The chiitiko inozivikanwa kwazvo nemarudzi - of chakanyorwa zvinyorwa - anonzi kuti kumukira muranda rinotungamirirwa Spartacus. It kwakaitika nguva kubva 74 kusvika 71 makore munguva yedu, uye yakanga yakarongwa nokuda yechisimba. Chokwadi kuti vapanduki dzakakwanisa anenge makore matatu kuchengeta ndikunde neDare reRoma, vanyori venhau dzakaitika anonzi kuti panguva iyoyo, vakuru havana kukwanisa kukanda neuto varanda vakadzidziswa anokwana zviyero muchiuto, sezvo anenge ose euto vachirwa muSpain, muna Asia Minor uye muThrace. Pashure kuhwina anoverengeka mukuru-Profile kukunda, hondo Spartacus, chinoumba zvakanga varanda Roman vakadzidzira zvombo ari nguva, kunyange yakatyoka, uye akafa muhondo, anofungidzirwa pamaoko musoja anonzi Ferikisi.

Kumukira in Ancient Egypt

Zviitiko zvakafanana, asi chokwadi, iri ndoda yaizivikanwa, kwave kune mazana emakore akawanda isati yavako Rome, pamahombekombe aNairi, pakupera kuMiddle Kingdom. Vari somuenzaniso anorondedzerwa "Lecture Noferrehu" - nhokwe, iyo anochengeterwa Petersburg Hermitage. Zvisinei, mune gwaro iri zviri kucherechedzwa kuti kumukirawo akamutswa murombo vanhuwo zvavo, uye papera vakanga vakabatana nevaranda, zvikurukuru vatama vachibva Asia Minor. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti akachengetedzwa uchapupu richiratidza kuti nhengo yenyonganyonga vakatsvaka achinyanya kuparadza magwaro kuti zvakanyorwa kodzero uye ropafadzo nevapfumi. Izvi zvinoreva kuti varanda vaidavira kuti mhosva dzavo dambudziko mitemo kururama weIjipiti, akaparadzanisa vanhu pamusoro vakasununguka uye varanda. Sezvo kwokumukira Spartacus, muEgipita rokumukira yavewo woutsinye, uye vazhinji nhengo dzayo - utsinye kuparadzwa.

Mitemo Roman chokuita varanda

Zvinozivikanwa kuti mitemo ano munyika dzakawanda kunobva mutemo weRoma. Saka, maererano naye varume vose vari rakakamurwa mhando mbiri: vagari vakasununguka (neropafadzo chikamu kwenzanga) uye varanda (ichi dererei, saka kutaura, vachikanda). Maererano nomurayiro, kwete akasununguka murume hakunganzi chinhu chakaparadzana repamutemo uye haana pamutemo vanokwanisa. Zvikurukuru mumamiriro ezvinhu akawanda - kubva pamutemo nemaonero - akaita kana sezvo chinhu mumatare ukama, sezvo kana "vachitaura mudziyo". Muchiitiko chino, kana muranda akaroora mukadzi akasununguka kana muranda akaroorwa akasununguka munhu, vakasagona kukodzera ive kusabatanidzwa. Uyezve, Somuenzaniso, zvose varanda vaigara Mr pasi rimwe remba, aifanira kuurayiwa kana muridzi wavo akaurayiwa pamadziro eimba. In kururamisira zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti munguva hweRoma, t. E. Mushure 27 BC, vakanga vawedzera vairangwa naanamai neutsinye pachedu varanda vake.

Mitemo chokuita varanda muIjipiti yekare

Mafungiro varanda vachingotya kudzorwa vanaFarao, anofanira formalized murau. Zvikurukuru kwaiva mitemo rambidza kuuraya varanda, hunovimbisa zvokudya uye kunyange vabhadhare kuti mamwe muranda wechibharo. Zvinofadza kuti pane zvimwe zviito wepamutemo wevaranda anonzi "akafa womumhuri", iyo vaongorori chokuita peculiarities ose echitendero nemaonero vagari yeIjipiti yekare. Panguva iyoyowo, vana murume akasununguka, akaberekwa muranda, akumbirwa baba vanogona kugamuchira mamiriro vakasununguka uye kunyange kukodzera kuva mugove wenhaka uri ndima chete chepamutemo vana.

Uranda pamwe US: wepamutemo divi nyaya iyi

Imwe Hurumende, kubudirira mune zvoupfumi iri vachiri padanho kukura kwaibva kushandisa muranda wechibharo, ndiye United States. Zvinozivikanwa kuti varanda okutanga vatema akazviratidza munyika iyi muna 1619. Negros varanda vaitenga kuUnited States kusvikira pezana remakore rechi19, uye maererano masayendisiti munyika ino nyika Vaiita zvekutenga nekutengesa Akatumirwa kubva Africa kuti dzinokwana vanhu 645,000. Zvinofadza kuti vakawanda mitemo chokuita yakadaro "vasingadi vatama", akaitwa ekupedzisira emakore asati kuitwa regumi namatatu Amendment. Somuenzaniso, muna 1850 US Congress vakapfuura chiito icho kwakakanganisa kunokanganisa pamutemo nzvimbo kwevaranda. Sezvazvakanyorwamo, ivo vanhu inoti zvose, kusanganisira avo apo panguva yaro wokugamuchirwa kare wakaparadza uranda, akarayirwa kuti Zvinoshingaira vari kubatwa varanda kutiza. Uyezve, mutemo anopa chirango kunyange vaya vomunyika vakasununguka vakabatsira vatema, vakapukunyuka vanatenzi vavo. Sezvaunoziva, pasinei dzose kuedza vasimi kubva kumaodzanyemba inoti kuramba uranda, kuchiri zvairambidzwa. Kunyange zvazvo kuchiri pamusoro remakore siyana US inoti kuita kunyomba kune dema hwevanhu panguva iyoyo mitemo dzinotyora kodzero dzavo.

Uranda munyika yanhasi

Zvinosuruvarisa, chido tifadzwe vakasununguka nevamwe vanhu basa haina kunyatsodzurwa, uye kusvikira nhasi. Saka, mashoko ari kurwira zuva nezuva riri kuziva itsva zviitiko kutengesa - kutengeswa uye kudzvinyirirwa yevanhu. Uyezve, mazuva vaitengesa varanda uye vaiva nevaranda dzimwe nguva ndivo zvikuru chisimba pane Somuenzaniso, Roman. Pashure pezvose, zviuru zvemakore akapfuura pamutemo varanda yakaitwa chaizvo uye zvaitsamira kuda vatenzi vavo chete aoma. Kana vanobatwa kutengesa, kazhinji pamusoro pavo, hapana anoziva, uye varombo vari chitoyi mumaoko "vanatenzi" vavo.