The disintegration of Czechoslovakia: nhoroondo, zvinokonzera uye migumisiro. Gore pokufa Czechoslovakia

The chiitiko chikuru munhoroondo Europe ano, kuparara Czechoslovakia. Zvikonzero ichi vari sezvo policheskoy, zvechiuto uye mamiriro ezvinhu zvoupfumi munyika. Makumi emakore kuparadzanisa Czech Republic uye Slovakia kubva musi paradzanisa. Asi zvino nyaya ndiyo nyaya kwakanyanya tsvakurudzo Vanyori, masayendisiti enyika uye dzimwe nyanzvi.

.: 1968 pokuwa preconditions

The disintegration of Czechoslovakia kwakaitika muna 1993. Zvisinei, pafungidziro kuti chiitiko ichi dzakaiswa ipapa. Usiku August 20-21, 1968, Soviet kubatana Arima, East Germany, Bulgaria, Hungary uye Poland, ane uwandu 650 zviuru. Masoja, yakarwisa Czechoslovakia uye vakatora nyika. asungwa nyika nedare yakarongeka (Dubcek, Cernik uye Freedom) rakanyorwa. Vatungamiri varambe takawanda vakaramba kubatirapamwe. Vanhuwo zvavo akaedza kuratidza nemishonga, vanenge 25 vanhuwo zvavo vakaurayiwa pakati mienzaniso Anti-Soviet. Utungamiri Soviet vakatsvaka kusika pasi ndima kuCzechoslovakia, Soviet wakakombama hurumende. Under izvi ezvinhu, vakawedzera kuzvionera kuti Slovakia mumiganhu itsva yeUnited mamiriro, iyo akaziviswa pakatanga 1969.

Revolution muCzechoslovakia muna 1989

Pakazopera 1980. Czechoslovakia akawedzera paruzhinji kusagutsikana autocracy pamusoro Communist Party. Muna 1989 muPrague kubva January kusvika September, kwave kune mienzaniso vazhinji vakapararira nemapurisa. Huru simba rakanga ndichirairira vadzidzi. September 17, 1989 vakawanda ake uremu kuti varove mumigwagwa, uye vazhinji vairohwa nemapurisa, ivo mumayunivhesiti munguva ino avharwa. Chiitiko ichi chakanga zvakasimbisa kuita. Vakadzidza uye vadzidzi vakaenda ranwa. Union yokushorwa zvose - "Civic Forum" - November 20 achitungamirirwa Vatslava Gavely (mufananidzo pazasi) kundodana vakawanda okutsutsumwa. Panopera mwedzi, vanenge 750 zviuru. Of demonstrators mumigwagwa wokuPrague uye akabvunza kuti kusiya basa iri hurumende. Chinangwa chakanga kubudirira: kukwanisa kudzivisa muedzo, purezidhendi akasiya romukova Gustav Husak akasiya, vakuru vakawanda. Events murunyararo Kuchinja kutungamirira Czechoslovakia akasvika pakunzi "vherevheti chimurenga". Zviitiko 1989 akafanosarudza disintegration of Czechoslovakia.

Kusarudzwa 1989-1990.

Post nokukurumidza elites vakaumba zvikamu ehurumende vakasarudza mararamiro chinozvimirira. Muna 1989, mukupera December, kuti Assembly Federal kuti vasanangurwa mumwe purezidhendi Czechoslovakia Vatslava Gavela, sezvo sachigaro - Dubcheka Aleksandra. Gungano aiva mumiririri muviri tichifunga yokurega pakati vakawanda co-optation uye enyika fambisa vaKomonisiti "Civic Forum" uye "Public Against Mhirizhonga."

Gavel Vatslav muna February 1990, akasvika muMoscow uye vakagamuchira ruregerero kubva hurumende yeSoviet kuti zvakaitika 1968, apo mauto eSoviet kuitwa guta rapindwa nechisimba nezvombo. Uyezve, akanga akavimbiswa kuti mauto ehondo USSR achava kutorwa pakazopera July 1991 kubva Czechoslovakia.

Muchirimo 1990, Assembly Federal akapfuura inoverengeka mitemo kubvumidza sangano private zvebhizimisi, uye vose zvavo yakabvuma kuita privatization pakati maindasitiri emakambani, mamiriro-anazvo. Mukutanga June, vaiva kunhaka chokuzvisarudzira nesarudzo, pazviri 96% of uwandu vavhoti. With nani zvikuru odezhali kuhwina ezvematongerwo enyika musarudzo "Civic Forum" uye "Public Against Mhirizhonga." Vakagamuchira anopfuura 46% of sarudzo, uye ruzhinji Federal Assembly. Wechipiri soro Nhamba mavhoti vaiva vaKomonisiti vakanga akasarudza 14% vemunyika. nzvimbo Third rakatorwa mubatanidzwa zvaisanganisira echiKristu Democratic mapoka. July 5, 1990 pane makore maviri izwi muhofisi Federal Assembly idzva Re kusarudzwa Gavela Vatslava uye Dubcheka Aleksandra (yaifananidzira pazasi) - ukuwo, nezvenzvimbo sachigaro.

Split kufamba "Society Against Mhirizhonga"

The disintegration of Czechoslovakia, yakatangwa March 1991, apo paiva mahwanda mune zvematongerwo kufamba "Public Against Mhirizhonga", zvokuti vakawanda vakaparadzana mapoka akaumba bato "Movement kwenguva Democratic Slovakia". Nokukurumidza paiva mahwanda iri panhengo "Civil Forum" nokuumbwa mapoka matatu, rimwe riri "Civic Democratic Party." Hurukuro pakati Slovakia uye Czech Republic vakanga vakatangazve June 1991. Panguva iyoyo, utungamiriri "ari Civic Democratic Party" chasvika mhedziso kuti musangano kwete migumisiro yakanaka, saka ngationei nezvezviri kuti "Velvet Kurambana".

"Hyphen hondo"

Kuparadzwa utongi hwechiKomonisiti 1989 kwave yakaitawo zviitiko akaparirwa pokuwa Czechoslovakia. Vatungamiri kubva Czech Republic vanoda kutaura zita rakanyorwa sezvo shoko rimwe, apo opponetov yavo - Slovakia - vakasimbirira defisnom kunyora. Achibhandara mutero yenyika manzwiro Slovak vanhu, muna April 1990 Gungano Federal mvumo zita pamutemo mutsva Czechoslovakia: Czech uye Slovak Federal Republic (CSFR). The mapato vakakwanisa kusvika nekuyanana, sezvinoita Slovak zita State mutauro aigona zvakanyorwa hyphen, sapamazuva Czech - pamwe chete.

"The Czechoslovak Forest"

On pokufa Czechoslovakia uye kukanganiswa migumisiro kwakadzama vashumiri mukuru hurumende emarudzi Slovakia uye Czech Republic - Vladimir Meciar uye Vatslava Klausa. Musangano kwakaitika muBrno panguva Villa Tugendhat muna 1992. Maererano netsamba kuti ubatanidzwe Miroslav Matzek Vaclav Klaus akatora pabhodhi kundoita wehunyambiri mutsetse, zvichiratidza kuti musoro ane wehunyambiri mamiriro, uye nechepasi - kuparadzana. It akabata therebetween zvakawanda kuti zvaisanganisira Federation uye mubatanidzwa. The mubvunzo akasimuka kuti chii chikamu chikero zvave zvichibvira kusangana? Uye nzvimbo iyi yaiva yakadereresa pfungwa, zvinoreva "kurambana". Kukurukurirana hazvirevi kuguma kusvikira Vaclav Klaus haana kuuya mhedziso yokuti zvinhu zviri zvakanaka diplomatically nokuda Slovaks hakuna nzira kunzi chinogamuchirika nokuda Czechs. The disintegration of Czechoslovakia Zvaiva pachena. Villa Tugendhat waiva kuti State Svoge mhando Belovezhskaya Pushcha. Uyezve Nhaurirano havana inoitwa musi pakuchengetedza Federation. Zvichitevera zvabuda pamusangano nedzenyu yepamutemo chiito yakanga yakasainwa, izvo ngadzirambe nekodzero yepamutemo uchatamisa chikuru masimba chinoda kutonga.

"Velvet Divorce"

Year kuswedera pokufa Czechoslovakia. General sarudzo yaiitwa munyika muna June 1992. "Movement nokuda Democratic Slovakia" akawana zvikuru mavhoti muSlovakia uye "Civic Democratic Party" - muCzech Republic. Pane panyaya chokusika konferederatsiyu, asi harina rinotsigirwa no "Civic Democratic Party."

Uchangamire Slovakia akaziviswa July 17, 1992 Slovak National Council. The yokurega naPresident Gavel Vatslav. In Mumatsutso 1992, chikamu chikuru chezvinhu voruzhinji simba makapiwa Republic. The Federal Assembly pakupera November 1992 ne mavhoti matatu chete mvumo murairo provoglashal kuparadzwa pakati Czechoslovak Federation. Pasinei daka pamusoro chikamu zhinji Slovaks uye Czechs, pakati pousiku December 31, 1992, vaviri vakauya chisarudzo pamusoro pokufa Federation. The disintegration of Czechoslovakia kwakaitika mugore, waiva pokutangira munhoroondo maviri vachangobva akasika inoti - the Slovak Republic uye Czech Republic.

mushure paradzanisa

State akatsemura norugare huviri akazvimirira zvikamu. The disintegration of Czechoslovakia kupinda Czech Republic uye Slovakia dzinopikisana migumisiro mberi pakukura nyika mbiri. Munguva pfupi iri Czech Republic akakwanisa kutanga zvikuru shanduko mune upfumi uye kusika zvinobudirira musika upfumi. Izvi kwaiva kutituma kuti akabvumira itsva hurumende kuva nhengo yeEuropean Union. Muna 1999, Czech Republic wevashumiri ari North Atlantic uto bloc. Economic kwokushanduka Slovakia maiva zvikuru kunzwisisa uye nomumugwagwa kwaitora nguva, mubvunzo accession zvayo European Union akamboda matambudziko. Uye chete muna 2004 nayo akapinda yayo marongerwo uye akava nhengo NATO.