Vherevheti Revolution. Vherevheti nokumukirana muEastern Europe

Shoko rokuti "Velvet Revolution" akazviratidza mukupera 1980s - mangwanani kuma1990. It hazviratidzi hunhu zviitiko zvinorondedzerwa sayenzi magariro rokuti "chimurenga". Ichi izwi iri nguva dzose Qualitative, dzinokosha, vachinje magariro, upfumi uye enyika mabhora, izvo zvinozoita kuti kuchinja yose munzanga, kuchinja muenzaniso maumbirwo vanhu.

Chii?

"Velvet chimurenga" - vanhuwo zita kwemasayendisiti kuitika munyika Central uye Eastern Europe munguva kubva mukupera 1980s kusvikira mangwanani kuma1990. Akoromoke muna 1989 pamusoro Wall Berlin rava mhando chiratidzo.

The zita "Velvet Revolution" pamusoro nenyonganyonga izvi enyika vakagamuchira nokuti vakawanda inoti vakaita ropa (kunze Romania, apo paiva nezvombo kumukira uye kunze komutemo mhirizhonga C Nicolae Ceausescu, aimbova mutongi uye wake). Events kwose kwose kunze Yugoslavia, kwakaitika panongova nokukurumidza, anenge pakarepo. Pakutanga, zvakafanana. mumanyoro dzavo uye masanga munguva Zvinoshamisa. Zvisinei, ngationei zvinokonzera uye hunhu nokumukirana izvi - uye tinoona kuti zvinongoitika zvoga izvi hazvisi netsaona. Nyaya ino kupa tsanangudzo rokuti "vherevheti chimurenga" uye achaita zvishoma kutarisa ayo zvinokonzera.

Events uye pezvakaitwa kwakaitika Eastern Europe mukupera 80s uye mangwanani 90s, vari kufarira enyika, masayendisiti uye voruzhinji. Ndezvipi zvinokonzera hurumende? Uye chii chaizvo yavo? Ngatiedzei kupindura mibvunzo iyi. Wokutanga akatevedzana enyika zviitiko zvakadaro muna Europe rava "vherevheti chimurenga" muCzechoslovakia. Kubva uye kutanga.

Events muCzechoslovakia

Muna November 1989, pane zvave achinje muCzechoslovakia. "Velvet Revolution" muCzechoslovakia kwakakonzera ropa pakuputsa utongi hwechiKomonisiti somugumisiro pakati okutsutsumwa. The inokosha zvairatidza vakava vakarongwa musi 17 November muenzaniso mudzidzi pakuyeuka Jan Opletal, mudzidzi kubva Czech Republic, uyo akaurayiwa munguva achitsutsumwa pamusoro yevaNazi rokurwa mamiriro. Somugumisiro zviitiko vakakuvara vanopfuura 500 vanhu 17 November.

November 20, vadzidzi vakaenda wavanozvisunga uye vakawanda mienzaniso rakamuka mumaguta mazhinji. Mbudzi 24 yokurega wokutanga munyori nevamwe vatungamiriri Communist veboka nyika. November 26 vakabata mukuru dziite pakati Prague, rwakatanga munenge zviuru 700 nhengo. November 29 paramende repealed Dare nyaya pamusoro Communist Party utungamiri. December 29, 1989 Aleksandr Dubchek akasarudzwa Mutauriri of Parliament, uye Vatslava Gavela akasarudzwa purezidhendi Czechoslovakia. Zvinokonzera kuti "Velvet Revolution" muCzechoslovakia uye dzimwe nyika zvichabviswa kurondedzerwa pazasi. Uyewo kudzidza zvinofungwa chiremera nyanzvi.

Zvinokonzera kuti "vherevheti chimurenga"

Saka, anokurudzirwa zvikonzero zvakadaro unokosha rotonhorera pamwe evanhu? A nhamba nyanzvi (semuenzaniso, V. K. Volkov) zvemukati chinangwa zvikonzero 1989 chimurenga kuonekwa pakakoromoka pakati rwakasvika masimba uye hunhu maindasitiri ukama. Utongi kana anomanikidza-bureaucratic hwoudzvinyiriri vava chipingamupinyi nesayenzi, hwokugadzira uye upfumi mberi munyika, zvainonotsa kusangana kwacho kunyange mukati CMEA. Vanenge mekushanda ruzivo munyika South-Eastern uye Central Europe yaratidza kuti vari kure shure yepamusoro capitalist nyika, kunyange vaya uyo maimbova musi iwoyo chechetere. Czechoslovakia uye Hungary nokuda tichienzanisa Austria, nokuti GDR - pamwe Germany, Bulgaria - Greece. GDR, zvichiita kuti CMEA, maererano UN data, muna 1987 Chiremba pa capita rakava 17 chete nzvimbo fung munyika, uye Czechoslovakia - wa25 nzvimbo, Soviet Union - 30th. Kuwedzera pakakoromoka mitemo pakurarama, nokunaka zvoutano, magariro kuchengeteka, tsika uye dzidzo.

The Danho akatanga kuwana hunhu backlog kuEastern Europe. Control maitiro pamwe centralized kusaronga vanachandagwinyira uye sverhmonopolizmom atumidzwa inefficiencies okuwana uye kuvora yaro murayiro-administrative hurongwa akatunhidzwa. Izvi zvakava kunyanya kuoneka 50-80-ies, kana munyika idzi akanonoka mutsva padanho mune zvesayenzi uye kugadzira chimurenga, uyo akauya kuna Western Europe uye United States iri itsva, "post-maindasitiri" pamwero kukura. Zvishoma nezvishoma, pakazopera wenyika 70s, yakatanga kuitika kurutivi Kushandurwa mugovanisi nyika iri yechipiri socio-enyika uye zvoupfumi simba pamusoro renyika. muchiuto-inokosha nzvimbo chete vakaramba simba, uye kuti ndiye ainyanya nokuda muchiuto zvinogona of USSR.

national chinhu

Chimwe chikuru chinoita iyo akaona "vherevheti chimurenga" muna 1989, akava yenyika. National kuzvikudza, sezvo aiva utongi kuvhiringidzwa pedyo yokuti anomanikidza-bureaucratic Utongi nowenyika eSoviet. Kungopotsera mashoko nezviito Soviet utungamiriri uye vamiririri Soviet Union munyika idzi, zvikanganiso zvavo enyika akaita zvakafanana negwara. Zvakafanana kuti kuchengetwa muna 1948, mushure atsamwira ukama pakati USSR uye Yugoslavia (izvo kwakaguma ipapo "vherevheti chimurenga" muYugoslavia), iri kosi kumatare ari muenzaniso Moscow pamberi hondo, uye zvichingodaro. D. Vatungamiriri kumapati musimba, akavapindurawo, yaienderana vasaomerere ruzivo Soviet Union, dzinobatsira shanduko dzemo hwoudzvinyiriri reSoviet mhando. izvi zvose chamuita kuti kunzwa kuti wakadaro hurongwa rinorambidzwa kubva kunze. Izvi akwanise kubudikidza Kupindira yeSoviet hutungamiri ari yezvakaitika muHungary muna 1956 uye muCzechoslovakia muna 1968 (gare gare akaita "vherevheti chimurenga" muHungary neCzechoslovakia). Mupfungwa vanhu zvakanzi wakaiswa pfungwa "Brezhnev dzidziso", kureva yakaganhurirwa uchangamire. Most vokuparidzira, achienzanisa upfumi mamiriro ezvinhu munyika ine nzvimbo vavakidzani vayo muna West vakatanga involuntarily vanosunga enyika uye zvoupfumi matambudziko. Kukanganisa manzwiro National, magariro evanhu uye zvematongerwo enyika kusagutsikana ine mugumisiro yaro chete negwara. Somugumisiro dambudziko iri rakatanga. June 17, 1953 pakava dambudziko iri GDR, muna 1956 - muHungary, muna 1968 - muCzechoslovakia uye muPoland zvaitika kakawanda vari '60s,' 70s uye '80s. Ivo Zvisinei, haana zvakanaka chisarudzo. nematambudziko Ava chete zvakabetsera discrediting ari anowanika modes, kuunganidza vanonzi Pfungwa kusuduruka, izvo kazhinji anoteverwa enyika kuchinja, kusikwa zvakaipa tinyatsonzwisisa mapato musimba.

Soviet simba

Panguva iyoyowo, ivo akaratidza sei kuti anomanikidza-bureaucratic hwoudzvinyiriri dzave kugadzikana - Ivo vaiva mapurisa dhipatimendi, kune "mugovanisi nharaunda", pasi kufurirwa utungamiriri yeSoviet. Kushora chero huripo chokwadi, chero kuedza kuchinja kuti Marxist pfungwa nemaonero rokusika kunzwisisa, kufungisisa ano chokwadi, akazivisa "revisionism", "Pfungwa sabhoteji" uye zvichingodaro. D. kushaikwa mune zvokunamata pluralism, zviri zvakafanana mutsika uye dzematongerwe kwakatungamirira dvoyakomysliyu, political voruzhinji passivity, vafanane, kuti munhu ari mutsika vanofurira. With ichi, Chokwadi, vasingagoni kugamuchira mberi njere uye zvakasikwa masimba.

Kusava nesimba mapato

Kuwedzerwa rotanga echimurenga ezvinhu kuEastern Europe. Kuona kuti kugadzirisa zviri muSoviet Union, vanhu nyika idzi vanotarisira zvakafanana zvinhu pamba. Zvisinei, panguva inokosha wakaratidza neutera ari kuzviitira chinhu, kureva kushaikwa vakasimba mapato inokwanisa kuita kuchinja kukuru. Mubato iri nguva refu kwake dzisingadzorwi arasika rokusika flair, kugona ndiwedzere. Kurasikirwa kwavo political hunhu, yakanga chete kuenderera hurumende muboka revatungamiriri, muri kuramba isingakundiki vaonane nevanhu. Vakadzidza, mapato aya haana kuvimba, vechiduku kumboita basa nemagazini, asingagoni kuwana mutauro nevakawanda naye. Policy kurasika paruzhinji chivimbo, kunyanya pashure basa mudonzvo kuwedzera kwakakanganisa uori, pachake vapfume akatanga richibudirira, kufirwa netsika. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti udzvanyiriri pamusoro nevari, "vaitsoropodza" vaiita kuBulgaria, Romania, East Germany nedzimwe nyika.

Bato sokuti simba uye monopolistic achitonga, akaparadzaniswa nehurumende midziyo, zvishoma nezvishoma akatanga isaparara. Vakatanga kukakavadzana pamusoro kare (rinopikisa Communist Party vaiona basa dambudziko), kurwisana pakati "vanochinja" uye "kuzvikudza" mukati kwavari - zvose akaoma kusvika pamwero, mabasa mapato aya, zvishoma nezvishoma vakakanganwa kurwa chinzvimbo. Uye kunyange mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, kana kurwisana enyika zvikuru pazvairamba, vachiri aitarisira kuti anotambura simba, asi miscalculated.

Zvakanga zvinogoneka kudzivisa zviitiko izvi?

Ko "vherevheti chimurenga" harinzvengeki? Munhu aisagona kunzvenga izvozvo. Chokutanga, izvi imhaka zvikonzero nechomukati, zvatakakutadzirai kare kutaurwa. Chii chakaitika muna Eastern Europe, kazhinji zvichiguma zvavakatemwa muenzaniso gutsaruzhinji, kushaya rusununguko nokuda kukura.

Kugadzirisa hwatanga mukati USSR, sokuti, chamuita kuti mugovanisi kuvandudzwa. Asi vatungamiri venyika muEastern Europe vazhinji vakatadza kunzwisisa kudiwa kwokukurumidzira zvikuru vavakezve yose muvanhu, vave kukwanisa kugamuchira anonongedzera kutumwa nguva pachayo. Vakajaira chete kugamuchira mirayiridzo kubva Party zvavo vakawana pachavo mumamiriro ezvinhu, kuvhiringika.

Wadii kupindira utungamiri Soviet?

Asi nei fungidziro nokukurumidza kuchinja muEastern Europe, utungamiriri Soviet haana kupindira mumamiriro ezvinhu uye vakazodzingwa vaimbova vatungamiriri, zviito zvavo kuchinja chete kusimbisa kusagutsikana vokuparidzira?

Chokutanga, hapana aigona kuva hurukuro nemauto kumanikidza nyika idzi mushure nezvakaitika April 1985, ivo kushaya yeSoviet Army kubva Afghanistan uye mashoko pamusoro rusununguko rwokusarudza. Zvaiva pachena kuti kushorwa uye utungamiriri Eastern nyika dzokuEurope. Mumwe mwoyo chokwadi ari, umwe "kutuswa".

Chechipiri, pane multilateral uye bilateral Nhaurirano uye misangano nguva kubva 1986 kusvika 1989, utungamiriri Soviet rave akataura pamusoro uipi kurega kunotanga. Asi sei izvi? Vazhinji misoro inoti nezviito zvavo havana kuratidza chido chokuchinja, vachisarudza havo kutakura chete shoma kuchinja sezvinodiwa kuti murege kukanganisa zvinonyatsorehwa mashandiro runowanikwa munyika idzi, wegadziriro hurumende. Saka, chete nemashoko akagamuchira perestroika ari USSR, ivo BCP utungamiri, kuedza kubudikidza zvakasiyana-siyana peretryasok munyika kuramba aripo hurumende simba pachake. Musoro HRC (M. Jakes) uye But (Erich Honecker) kufurirwa shanduko, vachitsvaka kupedza tariro yavo ndechokuti zvinonzi kugadzirisa Soviet Union uyu achatokundikana, matambudziko ari muenzaniso yeSoviet. Vakanga vachiri aitarisira kuti kana akachengetedzwa mararamiro pfupi yakanaka kuita pasina kusvikira zvakakomba kuchinja.

Kutanga rakamanikana format, uye ipapo kutora chikamu kwenhengo dzese Politburo of But, October 7, 1989 kupindura zvinogutsa vaishandisa M. S. Gorbachevym kuti kudiwa kwokukurumidzira atange mumaoko avo, musoro German Democratic Republic akataura kuti hazvina zvakakodzera kuvadzidzisa kurarama kana ari wedzimba USSR "hakusi kunyange munyu." Vanhu chete manheru akaenda mumugwagwa, kuisa kure pokuwa GDR. Nicolae Ceausescu muRomania akasvibiswa neropa, vachiita bheji pamusoro udzvanyiriri. Uye apo zvokuchinja vave kuchengetedza tsaru hurongwa uye haanamati pluralism, gutsaruzhinji uye mumusika chaicho, ivo chete pave kusingadzorwi pezvakaitwa uye manyowa.

Zvakava pachena kuti hapana uto kupindira USSR, pasina ayo kuchengeteka mambure kurutivi aivapo modes pamusoro pomugove nokugadzikana zvakazoonekwa kuti vashoma. Zvinokoshawo kuti kufunga mupfungwa kufara vemo, uyo vakaita guru basa, nekuti vanhu vaida shanduko.

Marudzi Western vo vaifarira chokwadi chokuti mauto aipikisa vakauya simba. Masimba aya vakaramba vari pre-musarudzo zvinhu.

Zvakaguma pose rimwe: mukufamba kupararira iri contractual nemhaka simba (muPoland), kuti kuneta yacho kutendeseka chirongwa MSzMP kuchinja (muHungary), kuramwa uye vakawanda mienzaniso (munyika dzakawanda), kana kumukira ( "vherevheti chimurenga" muRomania) simba yakapfuura mumaoko vemapato itsva enyika uye masimba. Yakanga kuguma panguva. Saka wakaperedzera idzi, "vherevheti chimurenga."

Musimboti chakazoitika shanduko

On nyaya iyi, Yu. K. Knyazev kutaura nhatu dzinokosha maonero.

• First. Munyika mana ( "vherevheti chimurenga" iri GDR, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia uye Romania) pakupera 1989 kwave vanhu democratic chimurenga, nemhaka kushanda kosi enyika matsva. The echimurenga kuchinja 1989-1990 muPoland, Hungary uye Yugoslavia vaiva nokukurumidza okuguma shanduka kwendangariro. Similar inochinja uye Albania vakatanga panopera ra1990.
• Second. "Velvet nokumukirana" muEastern Europe - chete nenyonganyonga apical kuburikidza rakasvika kuna simba, dzimwe simba, uyo asina yakajeka purogiramu evanhu rokuvakazve, uye saka vakanga vakatongerwa rokukunda uye vachiri kubva yezvematongetwo munyika.
• Third. Zviitiko izvi vaiva pakaunda-chimurenga, kwete kuchinja, sezvo vaiva Anti nokukurumidza zvakasikwa, vakasikirwa kubvisa simba raitonga Communist Party uye vashandi uye kwete kutsigira mugovanisi sarudzo.

The vakawanda mirayiridzo kufamba

The vakawanda mirayiridzo kufamba kwakanga Zvisinei, uniplanar, kusiyana zvinopesana uye specificity munyika dzakasiyana. Vakanga achitaura pamusoro pevatongi uye anomanikidza hwoudzvinyiriri, zvakakura kutyorwa nezvorusununguko uye kodzero vemunyika pamusoro kusaruramisirwa huripo ari muvanhu, pakuvora nezviremera, ropafadzo pamutemo uye vakaderera mararamiro.

Vaive kuramba kwomunhu-party ehurumende administrative-murayiro hurongwa, vvergshey zvakadzama dambudziko, zvose nyika kuEastern Europe uye akakwanisa kuziva kuitika imwe nzira yokubuda. Mune mamwe manzwi, ndiko democratic chimurenga, uye kwete pamusoro apical the. Izvi zvinoratidzwa kwete chete nokuda vakawanda Misangano mikuru uye mienzaniso, asiwo migumisiro gare gare neimwe kunyika zvavo sarudzo.

"Velvet nokumukirana" muEastern Europe dzakanga kwete chete "pamusoro" asi "nokuda". Nokuti pakagadzwa rusununguko rwechokwadi uye kusununguka, gutsaruzhinji, political pluralism, kuvandudzika yomudzimu uye zvinhu upenyu chavagari, kuzivikanwa dzevanhu tsika, kukura maererano nemitemo wenzanga yakabudirira nyatsoshanda upfumi.

Vherevheti Revolution muEurope: migumisiro kuchinja

CEE (Central uye Eastern Europe) vari kutanga ichishanduka kurutivi kusikwa nevanhu mamiriro, akawanda ezvinhu, political pluralism. Kwaiva kuchinja simba hurumende yaitonga miviri kubva pamaoko webato midziyo. New vehurumende kuita pamusoro kushanda pane imwe sectoral hwaro. Rinotibatsira nechiedzo pakati pamatavi siyana, nheyo kupatsanurwa kwemasimba.

Muna CEE Munyika pakupedzisira kudzikamiswa dzeparamende hurongwa. Hakuna akagadza simba simba wenyika, pakanga pasina vemutungamiri zvokuvhoterwa. The political vepamusoro akanzwa kuti pashure yakadaro nguva utongi simba kunogona kunetesa mberi hwoutongi. V. Havel muCzechoslovakia, L. Walesa wokuPoland, Zh Zhelev Bulgaria akaedza kusimbisa simba wenyika, asi voruzhinji uye parliaments vaipikisa ichi. The President haana kutsunga upfumi mutemo uye kwete kubvuma kwayo Implementation, kureva, akanga asiri mukuru mukuru.

Mhedziso simba riri muparamende, nevarikutonga simba hunopiwa Hurumende. The Zvinoumba wokupedzisira Paramende anotendera uye monitors mabasa ayo uye adopts hurumende bhajeti mutemo. Free wenyika uye reparamende sarudzo zvaiva kuratidzwa hweruzhinji.

Chii mauto akauya simba?

Munenge zvose CEE nyika (kunze Czech Republic), simba vakapfuura zvakanaka pamaoko mumwe. KuPoland, zvakaitika muna 1993, "vherevheti chimurenga" muBulgaria aita kuchinjwa kwesimba muna 1994, uye muna Romania - muna 1996.

In Poland, Bulgaria uye Hungary akasvika simba, kuruboshwe-bapiro mauto muRomania - zvakanaka. Nokukurumidza pashure, sezvo rakanga raitwa "vherevheti chimurenga" kuPoland, mune sarudzo dzeparamende muna 1993, akakunda nokuda centrist Union Kuruboshwe Forces, uye muna 1995 Alexander Kwasniewski, mutungamiri waro, pasarudzo dzemutungamiriri wenyika. Muna June 1994, akahwina muHungary Socialist Party muna musarudzo dzeparamende, D. Horn, mutungamiri waro, akatungamirira hurumende itsva zvemagariro norupo. Bulgarian Socialist zuva 1994 ndakawana zvigaro 125 kubva 240 mu Paramende iri musarudzo.

Muna November 1996, zviremera Romanian yakatamira pakati-kurudyi. E. Constantinescu akava purezidhendi. Muna 1992-1996 muAlbania, simba raiva Democratic Party.

The political ezvinhu mukupera kuma1990,

Zvisinei, nokukurumidza, zvinhu zvakachinja. In sarudzo kusvika Sejm kwePoland zvakanaka-bapiro bato vakakunda muna September 1997, "mashoko nesarudzo zviito yokubatana." In Bulgaria, muna April wegore iroro musarudzo dzeparamende yakahwina uye zvakanaka-bapiro mauto. In Slovakia, muna May 1999, yokutanga vemutungamiri sarudzo, vakakunda R. Schuster, mutauriri Democratic mubatanidzwa. In Romania, pashure sarudzo muna December 2000 semutungamiri akadzoka Ion Iliescu, mutungamiri Socialist Party.

V. Havel ndiye mutungamiri Czech Republic. Muna 1996, panguva sarudzo dzeparamende, Czech vanhu kunyimwa V. Klaus, rutsigiro Prime Minister kuti. Akarasikirwa ake pambiru pakupera 1997.

Paumbwe itsva maumbirwo vanhu Ichibatsirwa rusununguko enyika, kuti hwava misika, mukuru webasa vemo. Chokwadi anova political pluralism. Somuenzaniso, wokuPoland panguva ino kwakanga vanenge 300 mapato nemasangano akasiyana-siyana - social gutsaruzhinji, rupo, Christian democratic. Akararamazve mamwe mapato pre-hondo yakadai National tsaranistskaya Bato aivapo muRomania.

Zvisinei, pasinei vamwe democratization, kuchine kuratidzwa "authoritarianism zvakavanzika" kunoratidzwa yakakwirira personalization policies, nzira hurumende. Achiratidza yakawedzera dzimwe nyika (semuenzaniso Bulgaria) monarchist manzwiro. Vaimbove King Mihai citizenship yakadzoserwa mangwanani 1997.